Foundations of Behavior
Behavior is defined as what people ______________.
Say and do.
To measure the number of responses that happen over a period of time is to measure _____________.
To measure the amount of time between a stimulus and a response is to measure _________________.
Frequency
Latency
Considering the use of visual analysis to evaluate data across level, trend, and variability, which best describes the data depicted in the graph that meme draws on the board.
sudden change in level
Bonus (200) if you can draw a sudden change in variability or trend.
Identify and describe the A-B-C's of Operant behavior.
A = Antecedent (what happens just before a response)
B = Behavior (the response)
C = The consequence (what happens just after a response)
Provide an example of negative punishment or an example of positive punishment
negative punishment - removing a reinforcer following undesirable behavior, resulting in a decrease in behavior
positive punishment - adding an aversive stimulus following an undesirable behavior, resulting in a decrease in behavior
This scientist started the "Behaviorism" movement.
DAILY DOUBLE!!!!!
Watson
Bonus: Who explained the distinction between respondent and operant conditioning? (100 pts) Who ran the "Little Albert" study and what did that show people? (100 pts)
Name 3 different types of single-subject designs.
AB, ABAB, ABAC, MBD, ATD, Changing Criterion
Who is the scientist that discovered respondent conditioning?
Pavlov
List the different functions of behavior
(Attention, Escape/Avoidance, Access to Tangible/activity, Automatic)
Positive/tangible reinforcement
Positive Social Reinforcement
Positive Automatic reinforcement
Negative activity reinforcement
Negative social reinforcement
Negative Automatic Reinforcement
Explain the differences between time-out and response cost.
Time out from reinforcement / reinforcing environment (remove from the reinforcing activity or environment).
Response cost - removing a certain amount of a reinforcer
Define Overt and Covert behaviors.
Covert behaviors are thoughts, cognitions, feelings, and emotions.
Overt behaviors are directly observable actions.
I tell a teacher to look up from her book at the end of every 1 minute interval and record if the behavior is happening within that 5 second time frame. I am observing using __________________.
Momentary time sampling
Define level, trend, and variability.
Level - Average or general value of measure
Trend - direction of change from beginning of series to the end
Variability - spread of data points around the level and trend
Describe the difference between extinction and punishment
If you are implementing a punishment procedures, what else should you also be doing?
implementing reinforcement procedures to teach a replacement behavior
List the 4 physical dimensions of behavior.
Frequency, duration, intensity, latency.
Describe the difference between partial and whole interval recording.
Whole interval recording requires the behavior to occur for the entire interval, while partial interval recording only requires that the behavior occur once within that interval.
BONUS: Which of these would be most beneficial to use if I am looking to increase behavior? Which is best to use if I am looking to decrease behavior? (300 pts.)
Describe the difference between respondent and operant conditioning.
Respondent conditioning is a stimulus-response relationship. There is no consequence. Operant conditioning requires both an antecedent and consequence for learning (S-R-S)
Appropriately place the different types of reinforcement/punishment into the boxes displayed by Meme.
Positive reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Positive Punishment
Negative Punishment
Name the different types of aversive activities (in regard to positive punishment) and explain them.
Overcorrection (positive practice is making a child engage in the correct form of the behavior for a certain amount of time or # of times; restitution making the child correct the environmental effects of the behavior and restore the environment to better than it was before)
Contingent exercise - behavior unrelated to the problem behavior
Guided Compliance - least to most prompting to physically guide them to complete the task
Physical restraint and response blocking
Describe the difference between behavior modification and Applied Behavior Analysis.
Behavior modification focuses on strong reinforcers to effect change that may or may not be related to the function of the problem behavior, whereas ABA focuses on functional relationships between problem behavior and consequence.
(1000 pt bonus) List the 7 dimensions of behavior
Identify the different graphs.
(Need all for points)
look to Meme for graphs.
Daily Double!!!!
Describe the 4 different reinforcement schedules.
Fixed Ratio - reinforcer is provided after a specific # of responses.
Fixed Interval - reinforcer is provided for a response after a specific amount of time has passed.
Variable Ratio - reinforcer is provided after an average # of responses
Variable Interval - reinforcer is provided for a response after an average amount of time has passed.
Describe the difference between Establishing Operations (EOs) and Abolishing Operations (AOs).
EO - makes a reinforcer more potent, or valuable
AO - makes a reinforcer less potent, or valuable
An EO for engaging in a behavior to get water water would be if you haven't had any water in 24 hours; An AO would be if you just chugged 2 bottles of water.