Measurement/Research Dx
A condition of an experiment in which the independent variable is not present; data obtained during _______ are the basis for determining the effects of the independent variable.
Baseline
Who developed operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
A principle that states that making the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior contingent on the occurrence of a low-frequency behavior will function as reinforcement for the low-frequency behavior.
Premack principle
An elementary verbal operant that is evoked by an MO and followed by specific reinforcement.
Mand
Using differential reinforcement to produce a series of gradually changing response classes; each response class is a successive approximation toward a terminal behavior.
Shaping
A ratio of count per observation time; often expressed as count per standard unit of time (per minute, day, month).
Frequency
Would also accept rate
A response behavior is followed immediately by the removal of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of similar responses under similar conditions.
Negative punishment
The activity of living organisms. "That portion of an organisms interaction with its environment that is characterized by detectable displacement in space through time of some part of the organism and that results in a measurable change in at least one aspect of the environment".
Behavior
An elementary verbal operant involving a response that is evoked by a verbal discriminative stimulus that has point-to-point correspondence (response matches exactly) and formal similarity (is the same sense mode) with the response.
Echoic
A method for teaching a complex behavior that begins with the learner being prompted and taught to perform the first behavior in a series; the trainer then completes the remaining steps. When the learner shows competence in performing the first step, he is then taught to perform the first two steps and so on.
Forward chaining
A two-phase experimental design consisting of a pre-treatment baseline condition followed by a treatment condition.
A-B Design
Occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the the removal of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions
Negative reinforcement
The allocation of responses to choices available on concurrent schedules of reinforcement; rates of responding across choices are distributed in proportions that match the rates of reinforcement receive from each choice alternative.
Matching Law
An elementary verbal operant evoked by a nonverbal discriminative stimulus and followed by generalized conditioned reinforcement.
Tact
A procedure for decreasing problem behavior in which reinforcement is contingent on the absence of the problem behavior during or at specific times.
DRO
A three-phase experimental design that begins with the treatment condition. After steady state responding has been obtained during the initial treatment phase, the treatment variable is withdrawn to see whether responding changes in the absence of the independent variable. The treatment variable is then reintroduced in an attempt to recapture the level of responding obtained during the first treatment phase.
B-A-B Design
A schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement for the first correct response following the elapse of variable durations of time occurring in a random or unpredictable order.
Variable Interval
A systematic method of assessment for obtaining information about the purposes a problem behavior serves for a person; results are used to guide the design of an intervention for decreasing the problem behavior and increasing appropriate behavior.
Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)
Three types- indirect, direct and functional analysis
An elementary verbal operant that is evoked by a verbal discriminating stimulus and that does not have point-to-point correspondence (the response does not exactly match) with that verbal stimulus.
Intraverbal
A behavioral effect associated with extinction in which the behavior suddenly begins to occur after its frequency has decreased to its pre-reinforcement level or stopped entirely.
Spontaneous recovery
Explain the difference between whole interval recording and partial interval recording.
Whole interval=behavior during the entire interval
Partial interval=behavior happens at all during any time of the interval.
Name the 4 basic reinforcement schedules
FR, FI, VR, VI
Name and discuss the difference between the 3 types of functional behavior assessments
Direct, indirect and functional analysis
Explain formal similarity vs. point-to-point correspondence
Formal similarity= same sense mode
PTP Correspondence= The stimulus and response match exactly (beginning, middle and end)
Name and discuss the difference between the 3 types of behavior chaining
Forward= forward progression
Backward= backward progression
Total task= the learner receives training on each behavior in the chain during each session (all steps are taught at once).