Measurement/Research Dx
A measurement method in which the presence or absence of behaviors are recorded at precisely specified time intervals.
Momentary Time Sampling
The discontinuing of reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior; the primary effect is a decrease in the frequency of the behavior until it reaches a prereinforced level or ultimately ceases to occur.
Extinction
A stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced; this history of differential reinforcement is the reason a ______ increases the momentary frequency of the behavior.
Discriminative Stimulus (SD)
A motivating operation that establishes (increases) the effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event as a reinforcer.
Establishing Operation
A behaviorally-based instructional routine consisting of four or five parts:
(1) Presenting the SD (instruction)
(2) Providing a temporary prompt (if necessary)
(3) Waiting for the skill or instructional target behavior to occur
(4) Providing the reinforcer
(5) Ending with an inter-trial interval consisting of a brief pause between consecutive trials.
Discrete Trial Training
An experimental design consisting of:
(1) an initial baseline phase
(2) an initial intervention phase
(3) a return to baseline conditions by withdrawing the independent variable
(4) a second intervention phase
A-B-A-B Design
A schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement for each occurrence of the target behavior. Also known as a FR1 schedule of reinforcement.
Continuous Reinforcement
A stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers.
Conditioned Reinforcer
Sometimes may also be called a secondary or learned reinforcer
A motivating operation that decreases the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event.
Abolishing Operation
A procedure in which the therapist physically intervenes as soon as the learner begins to emit a problem behavior to prevent completion of the targeted behavior.
Response Blocking
Any unintended change in the way an observer uses a measurement system over the course of an investigation that results in measurement error; often entails a shift in the observer's interpretation of the original definitions of the target behavior.
Observer Drift
Not to be confused with treatment drift, where the actual treatment procedure is administered differently over the course of its implementation.
Both are bad.
The absence of responding for a period of time following reinforcement; an effect commonly produced by fixed interval and fixed ratio schedules of reinforcement.
Post-reinforcement Pause
The outcome of an experiment that demonstrates convincingly a functional relation, meaning that _______ is achieved when a predictable change in behavior (the dependent variable) can be reliably produced by manipulating a specific aspect of the environment (the independent variable).
Experimental Control
A decrease in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is increased in reinforcing effectiveness by the same motivating operation. Example: Food ingestion decreases the frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by food.
Abative Effect
The contingent loss of reinforcers, producing a decrease of the frequency of behavior; a form of negative punishment.
Response Cost
A category of measurement procedures. Procedures in this category involve measurement that is conducted in a manner such that some instances of the response class(es) of interest may not be detected.
Discontinuous Measurement Procedures
Bonus knowledge: These procedures produce "artifacts" (an outcome or result that appears to exist because of the way it is measured but in fact does not correspond to what actually occurred).
A behavioral effect associated with abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules; common effects include avoidance, aggression, and unpredictable pauses or cessation in responding.
Ratio Strain
A situation in which reinforcement is available only during a finite time following the elapse of an FI or VI interval; if the target response does not occur within the time limit, reinforcement is withheld and a new interval begins.
Limited Hold
An increase in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is increased in reinforcing effectiveness by the same motivating operation. Example: Food deprivation increases the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by food.
Evocative Effect
Token Economy
Explain the difference between reliability, validity and accuracy.
Reliability- you get the same result every time. Your measurement system yields the same values when you repetitively measure the same event.
Validity- you measure what you intended to measure. The extent to which data obtained are directly relevant to the target behavior of interest and to the reason for measuring it. Ex: using a scale to measure weight vs using a scale to measure height.
Accuracy- the data you record is consistent with the true state, or true values, of the event as it exists in nature.
Walter is a student in a general education math class. Walter is always interrupting the class by talking with peers during lectures. When he does, the teacher calls him out and reprimands him in front of the class and then immediately returns to his lecture. Walter has started to interrupt class more often and his teacher is getting very frustrated. What type of reinforcement or punishment is most likely being used here?
Positive Reinforcement
The teacher is attempting to use positive punishment by reprimanding Walter to decrease his behavior; however, if Walter's behavior is increasing, it would suggest that the attention provided is actually a desirable stimulus and therefore positively reinforcing his behavior.
Explain Pavlov's discovery of Respondent Conditioning (classical conditioning) using the following terms correctly:
Conditioned Response, Unconditioned Stimulus, Neutral Stimulus, Unconditioned Response, Conditioned Stimulus.
Pavlov discovered that the unconditioned stimulus (meat) produced the unconditioned response (salivation). He then paired a neutral stimulus (ringing bell) with the unconditioned stimulus (meat). After the pairing, the neutral stimulus (ringing bell) also produced the unconditioned response (salivation). The bell is now renamed as a conditioned stimulus and the salivation produced by the bell is renamed as the conditioned response.
Explain the effects satiation and deprivation of food would have on motivation for food and behaviors that have been reinforced by food. Your explanation must use the terms "establishing operation", "abolishing operation", "evocative effect", and "abative effect" correctly to receive points.
I decide the fate of your points...
Discuss the difference between Functional Communication Training (FCT) and Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA).
DRA- A procedure for decreasing problem behavior in which reinforcement is delivered for a behavior that serves as a desirable alternative to the behavior targeted for reduction and withheld following instances of the problem behavior.
FCT- An antecedent intervention in which an appropriate communicative behavior is taught as a replacement behavior for problem behavior usually evoked by an establishing operation; involves using DRA, but doing so specifically for a alternative communication-based behavior.