Basic Principles: Examples
Provide an example of negative punishment
access to reinforcer -> bx --> no reinforcer
GET A CAB
generality
effective
technological
applied
conceptually systematic
analytical
behavioral
What is a DV?
dependent variable
behavior of concern, what we measure
Define extinction.
Stopping the positive or negative reinforcement contingency
for a previously reinforced response
causes the response frequency to decrease.
In an experiment, Dr. Hefferline hooked up participants to a machine. If the participant twitched their thumb, a static sound that superimposed music would be delayed by 15 seconds. What is this an example of?
avoidance
When you interrupt your client's motor stereotypy, he often begins to aggress towards staff.
What is a possible EO in this example?
interruption of stereotypy
Provide an example of positive reinforcement
no reinforcer -> bx --> reinforcer
"behavior change is occurring in the desired direction is"...
A) effective
B) conceptually systematic
C) behavioral
A) Effective
What is the IV?
independent variable, the intervention
Define token economy
stopping the reinforcement contingency for a previously reinforced response, causes response frequency to decrease
Rudolph the rat will only press the lever when a light is on and will not press the lever when the light is off.
Describe the reinforcement contingency and the relevant discriminative stimuli.
no water - lever press - water
SD - light on
S-delta - light off
You are given a Reese's candy bar but your sibling played a prank on you and super-glued the wrapper shut. You go and get a scissors to cut open the Reese's. You're not wasting it!! What is this an example of?
response generalization
What are two types of negative punishment?
time-out and response-cost
"Interventions are research driven and based on empirical investigations" is...
A) conceptually systematic
B) applied
C) analytical
A) conceptually systematic
What is multiple baseline design?
implement the ONE intervention sequentially across several baselines, each of differing lengths
Define differential reinforcement
reinforcing one set of responses and not reinforcing another set of responses
The professor is trying to correct their posture so they wear a small harness that will emit a loud buzzing sound every time they slouch. Only fixing their posture will remove the buzzing sound. They have about 15 s upon beginning to slouch to correct their posture.
What is the relevant negative reinforcement contingency?
buzzing - stand up straight - no buzzing
Bonus: What's the relevant avoidance contingency?
You are at work and your stomach growls. You get $5 and buy a bag of chips from the vending machine. What is your stomach growling?
Provide an example of positive punishment
no aversive --> behavior --> aversive
"Focus on behaviors that are observable and measurable"
A) technological
B) applied
C) behavioral
C) behavioral
Describe a withdrawal design
Analyze effectiveness of a single intervention on a single target behavior
intervention is sequentially implemented and withdrawn
Define discrimination training procedure
reinforcing or punishing a response in the presence of one stimulus and extinguishing it/allowing it to recover in the presence of another stimulus
Wendy likes to talk on speaker phone while out in public. When she's on the T, she often gets weird, disapproving looks. She stops talking on speaker phone while she rides the T. What's this an example of?
positive punishment
When you go to Taiwan, you're told to only get into taxis if they have the taxi symbol on their car. While waiting for a taxi to get from the train station to your hotel, a car without the symbol offers to drive you to your hotel. Would you get into the car - provide rationale in terms of behavioral principles.
SD - taxi symbol
S-Delta - no taxi symbol
So, no stimulus is signaling reinforcement, not getting into the car
Provide an example of negative reinforcement
aversive --> bx --> no aversive
What is interventions are designed to operate in new environments and over extended periods of time?
Generality
Describe a changing criterion design.
Progressive introduction of different criterion values, above or below baseline
steps consist of progressive increases/decreases in response requirement
What is the don't say rule?
With nonverbal organisms, don't say:
expects
knows
thinks
figures out
in order to
tries to
makes the connection
associates
learns that
imagines
understands
With any organism, don't say wants
Casper was learning to sleep in his own bed without Wendy. After intensive sleep training, he was reliably sleeping in his own bed. About one week later, he got up in the middle of the night to try and sneak into bed with Wendy. What is this an example of?
spontaneous recovery
Casper learns that his friend is named Wendy. Now, he begun referring to all people as "Wendy." What's the an example of?
stimulus generalization