Laws and Fundamentals
The first law of thermodynamics is practically a restatement of this.
A device that automatically regulates temperature
What is a thermostat?
The state in which no thermal energy is transferred between objects, where they are at the same temperature as each other
What is thermal equilibrium?
By adding a solute, this is what happens to the freezing point of a liquid.
What is a temperature decrease?
This state exists when temperatures are too high for matter to exist in other states
What is plasma?
According to the 2nd law of thermodynamics, natural processes tend to increase this.
What is entropy?
Energy of motion
Type of heat transfer that causes a handle on a pot of boiling water to become hot
What is conduction?
This is what happens to the boiling point of a substance after dissolving a solute in a liquid
What is an increase? (elevate)
What is evaporation?
The principal that says natural processes tend to go toward less usable energy and greater disorder (entropy)
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
Energy associated with the position of an object and the forces acting on it
What is potential energy?
Warmth felt from a fireplace is an example of this type of heat transfer.
What is radiation?
This is what we call temperature where evaporation occurs throughout a liquid.
What is the boiling point?
Internal energy of an object because of the random motions of its individual molecules
What is thermal energy?
Three types of heat transfer
What are conduction, convection, and radiation?
Energy exhibited by a spinning wheel
What is rotational kinetic energy?
A device that uses mechanical energy and latent heat to transfer thermal energy from a cooler location to a warmer one
What is a heat pump?
Volatile liquids
What are liquids that evaporate quickly?
The point where molecules of a solid move fast enough to overcome the cohesion that holds them together
What is the melting point?
The fundamental force that is exerted on all objects that have mass
What is gravitational force?
Energy exhibited when an object moves and changes position
What is translational kinetic energy?
This is the method of heat transfer that a hot-water heating system uses to heat a room.
What is convection?
The relationship between vapor pressure and a liquid's temperature
What is "as the temperature increases, vapor pressure also increases"?
The amount of heat that's required to change a solid into a liquid
What is heat of fusion?
This is the weakest fundamental force.
What is gravitational force?
This can cause a bicycle to GAIN kinetic energy as it goes downhill.
What is pedaling?
This works because it has a metal screen that conducts heat into the air.
What is a safety lamp?
This type of change in volume happens as water is cooled from 4 degrees Celsius to 0 degrees Celsius.
What is an expanding of volume?
The amount of heat required to change a given amount of liquid into a gas
What is heat of vaporization?
The law stating that the amount of energy gained by a system equals the energy lost by the surroundings
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
What most atmospheric winds are caused by
What are convection currents?
This is the most important component of a heat pump.
What is refrigerant?
This cools a hot fluid and releases heat into its surroundings.
What is a heat pump condenser?
"hidden" heat that's absorbed or released when something changes state
What is latent heat?
This theoretical device would generate the maximum amount of work from a given amount of heat.
What is a Carnot engine?
This type of energy is caused by restorative forces.
What is elastic potential energy?
The amount of heat that's needed to change an object's temperature by a certain amount.
What is heat capacity?
The formula used to find the potential energy of an object
E_P=mgh
This can cause rock to split if there is water trapped in the cracks and the temperature drops to freezing.
What happens when water expands when frozen?
The fundamental force that binds subatomic particles of an atom's nucleus
What is strong nuclear force?
The relationship between work and energy
What is "energy is measured by the amount of work an object can do"
The transfer of heat without matter
What is radiation?
The formula used to find the heat capacity of an object
C=Q/(DeltaT)
The temperature above which a substance can no longer exist as a liquid but behaves as a gas, regardless of pressure
What is critical temperature?
This fundamental force is responsible for elastic potential energy.
What is electromagnetic force?
These are the three factors that affect thermal energy.
What are temperature, state, and mass?
The transfer of heat by moving fluids
What is convection?
The formula used to find an object's specific heat
c= Q/(m(Delta)T)
The reason the heat of vaporization of a substance is much greater than the heat of fusion of that same substance.
Why must the cohesion of molecules be completely overcome?
A double-walled container with a vacuum that separates the walls
Dewar flask
The formula used for finding the kinetic energy of an object
E_K= (1/2)mv^2