Absolute Monarchy
This form of government features a king or queen whose power is limited by a set of laws or a constitution.
What is a constitutional monarchy?
This philosopher is famously associated with the idea of "natural rights," which influenced both the French and American Revolutions.
Who is John Locke?
This violent period during the French Revolution saw mass executions and political upheaval.
What was the Reign of Terror?
This term describes the rapid growth of cities as people moved from farms to find work in factories.
What is urbanization?
This concept states that political power ultimately resides with the people rather than a monarch.
What is popular sovereignty?
During the Age of Absolutism, this was the belief that a monarch’s right to rule came directly from God.
What is Divine Right?
This French philosopher was a fierce advocate for freedom of speech and religious tolerance, famously using his wit to criticize the intolerance of the Church and State.
Who was Voltaire?
The French Revolution was driven by a financial crisis, a food crisis, and the rise of this social class.
What was the Third Estate?
This inventor made a massive contribution to the Industrial Revolution by significantly improving the steam engine.
Who was James Watt?
This economic philosopher argued that history is a series of "class struggles" between the ruling and working classes.
Who was Karl Marx?
Known as the "Sun King," this French monarch famously declared, "I am the State," personifying the idea that he was chosen by God to be the leader.
Who was King Louis XIV?
This Enlightenment principle, championed by Montesquieu, involves balancing responsibilities among different branches of government.
What is the separation of powers?
The American Declaration of Independence and the French Revolution both expressed ideals that led to the growth of this form of government.
What is democracy?
This system of production utilized centralization, division of labor, and interchangeable parts.
What is the factory system?
Adam Smith wrote that the "market price" of a commodity is regulated by the proportion between these two economic forces.
What are supply and demand?
The English Bill of Rights included rights for citizens that included ---
What is
-subjects can petition the king
-no cruel and unusual punishment
-freedom of speech in Parliament
Jean-Jacques Rousseau is often associated with this theory regarding the relationship between the people and their government.
What is the Social Contract?
The 1789 French document stated that men are born free and equal in rights
What is the Declaration of the Rights of Man?
Because there were no building codes during the early Industrial Revolution, these cheaply built, multi-story apartment buildings were constructed to house as many workers as possible.
What are tenements?
This is the idea that the government is limited by a written set of laws.
What is constitutionalism?
During the Age of Absolutism, absolute monarchy was characterized by these three characteristics.
What is the belief in Divine Right, the centralization of power in one ruler, and a lack of checks and balances?
In his work On Crimes and Punishments, this thinker argued against torture and the death penalty, influencing the English Bill of Rights' ban on "cruel and unusual punishment."
Who was Cesare Beccaria?
Napoleon’s most lasting influence on the French government and society was the development of this.
What is the Napoleonic Code?
Because mass production required a constant supply of resources, the Industrial Revolution increased the demand for these—leading European nations to colonize other parts of the world.
What are raw materials?
In his book The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith argued that this specific factor "will immediately begin" among sellers and is actually good for the market.
What is competition?