Absolute Monarchs
This French king worked to limit the powers and influence of the nobility to consolidate his own absolute power.
Who was Louis XIV?
When William and Mary came to England, the Glorious Revolution (aka the Bloodless Revolution) led to the establishment of this type of government.
What is a limited monarchy?
The Defenestration of Prague (aka this action) was the spark of the Thirty Years' War.
What is throwing someone out of a window?
Unlike Sir Francis Bacon, the French thinker Rene Descartes believed this was the best road to understanding.
What is human reasoning?
What is the National Assembly?
This monarch of Spain was a staunch defender of the Catholic church.
Who was Philip II?
This Irish chemist revolutionized the field and is recognized as the "Father of Modern Chemistry."
Who was Robert Boyle?
This treaty brought an end to the Thirty Years' War and allowed France to gain territory on its Spanish and German frontiers.
What is the Peace of Westphalia?
These rules governing the physical world that can be discovered through human reason and experimentation inspired Enlightenment thinkers to consider whether such rules also governed the social and political aspects of human life.
What is natural law?
When this group of people fled France due to persecution, the economy was seriously damaged.
Who were the Huguenots (French Protestants)?
This Russian monarch fought a war against the Ottoman Empire to try and gain a warm-water port on the Black Sea.
Who was Peter the Great?
All citizens should have a voice in the function of government according to this group in England.
Who were the Levellers?
This was one of the worst effects of the Thirty Years' War.
What is the depopulation of Europe?
(also acceptable, fragmentation of German lands or destruction of farm land)
This French thinker proposed the ideas of separation of powers and checks and balances in government. His ideas were implemented in the Constitution of the United States of America.
Who was Montesquieu?
This leader of Revolutionary France believed that a "republic of virtue" could only be achieved through the use of terror.
Who was Robespierre?
This English monarch needed the "Long Parliament" to help approve taxes. Calling this session led to his undoing.
Who was Charles I?
The Scottish economist Adam Smith argued that these forces regulate business activity in a free market. This idea transformed the field of economics and is highly influential today.
What are supply and demand?
After the Thirty Years' War, these two states competed for control over the German lands.
What are Prussia and Austria?
This English thinker argued that the purpose of government is to safeguard the natural rights of the people.
Who was John Locke?
This specific group from the Third Estate supported the French Revolution because they wanted to gain power over the nobility.
Who were the bourgeoisie (Middle Class)?
This Russian monarch led a "land grab" in Poland.
Who was Catherine the Great?
This British author of The Vindication of the Rights of Woman argued that women and men should have equal access to education.
Who was Mary Wollstonecraft?
The right to exclusively govern or control a territory or region -aka this- was granted to each German prince after the Thirty Years' War resulting in a lack of advancement in political and economic affairs.
What is sovereignty?
This group of French thinkers wanted the government to leave the economy alone--a practice known as laissez faire.
Who were the Physiocrats.
This system of laws undid some aspects of the early French Revolution by once again giving men complete authority over their wives.
What is the Napoleonic Code?