Who Am I?
I was the French king who built a magnificent palace at Versailles and used it to keep the nobility under my control.
Who was Louis XIV?
This belief held that monarchs received their authority directly from God and therefore did not have to answer to their subjects.
What is the Divine Right of kings?
This intellectual movement emphasized reason, individual rights, and questioning traditional authority.
What is the Enlightenment?
Before the French Revolution, this estate represented approximately 98% of France's population.
What is the Third Estate?
In 1804, Napoleon crowned himself with this title, despite the French Revolution's opposition to absolute monarchy.
What is Emperor?
I was an English philosopher who argued that people possess natural rights to life, liberty, and property—and that governments must protect those rights.
Who was John Locke?
Louis XIV kept French nobles at Versailles to prevent them from challenging his authority. What type of monarchy was he strengthening?
What is Absolute Monarchy?
John Locke argued that all people are born with three natural rights: life, liberty, and this.
What is property?
Rising prices for this essential food contributed to widespread anger and unrest before the French Revolution.
What is bread?
Napoleon introduced this uniform system of laws that promoted equality before the law and protected property rights.
What is the Napoleonic Code?
I was an Enlightenment thinker who believed government power should be divided among separate branches to prevent tyranny.
Who was Montesquieu?
Following the Glorious Revolution, this 1689 document limited the authority of English monarchs and strengthened Parliament.
What is the English Bill of Rights?
Montesquieu believed dividing government authority among different branches would prevent this abuse of power.
What is tyranny?
The storming of this Paris prison in 1789 became a symbol of ordinary citizens challenging royal authority.
What is the Bastille?
Napoleon established this economic blockade to prevent European countries from trading with Great Britain.
What is the Continental System?
I claimed that extreme measures were necessary to defend the French Revolution. Under my leadership, the Committee of Public Safety used arrests and executions during the Reign of Terror.
Who was Maximilien Robespierre?
Under the English Bill of Rights, the monarch needed approval from this governing body to collect new taxes.
What is Parliament?
Voltaire believed people should be able to criticize their government without punishment. What freedom was he defending?
What is freedom of speech?
The French Constitution of 1791 limited the king's authority but did not establish this principle because voting rights remained restricted.
What is political equality?
Napoleon's conquests encouraged people in conquered territories to develop stronger loyalty to their own nations, fueling this movement against French rule.
What is nationalism?
I gained power by promising stability after years of revolution. I preserved equality before the law through legal reforms, yet concentrated authority in my own hands and pursued policies that helped bring down my empire.
Who was Napoleon Bonaparte?
Unlike Louis XIV's absolute monarchy, England developed this type of monarchy, in which the ruler's power was limited by law.
What is a Constitutional / Limited Monarchy?
Enlightenment thinkers argued that citizens could challenge rulers who violated their rights. This idea helped inspire which TWO major revolutions?
What are the American and French Revolutions?
During the Reign of Terror, this revolutionary governing body ordered arrests and executions while claiming to defend liberty.
What is the Committee of Public Safety?
During Napoleon's disastrous 1812 invasion, Russian forces retreated and destroyed food and supplies to weaken his army. What was this defensive strategy called?
What is the scorched-earth strategy?