Cause and Effect
France's expensive wars and government spending created this financial problem, helping trigger the French Revolution.
What is government debt?
John Locke believed governments were responsible for protecting these rights, which people possess from birth.
What are natural rights?
In 1789, angry French citizens attacked this symbol of royal authority, demonstrating that ordinary people were willing to challenge the king.
What is the Storming of the Bastille?
King James I believed his authority came directly from God. This belief put him in conflict with which English governing body?
What is Parliament?
The French Revolution promoted liberty and equality, but this violent period saw thousands arrested or executed as suspected enemies of the revolution.
What is the Reign of Terror?
During the French Revolution, poor harvests caused shortages of this essential resource, increasing public anger.
What is food?
The English Bill of Rights protected members of Parliament when speaking during debates by guaranteeing this freedom.
What is freedom of speech in Parliament?
Following this event in 1688, England established stronger limits on royal authority and increased Parliament's power.
What is the Glorious Revolution?
Before the French Revolution, the clergy and nobility enjoyed special privileges. Which estate carried much of the tax burden but had little political influence?
What is the Third Estate?
French revolutionaries challenged the king's absolute authority, yet the Constitution of 1791 allowed France to retain this form of government.
What is a monarchy?
The unequal tax burden placed on the Third Estate helped increase public anger and contributed to this major event in 1789.
What is the French Revolution?
An Enlightenment philosopher argued that people should not be punished for practicing beliefs different from those supported by the government. What principle does this represent?
What is religious tolerance?
In 1791, France took an important step away from absolute monarchy by adopting this document, although voting rights remained limited.
What is the Constitution of 1791?
A country divides political authority among three branches so that no single leader can gain unlimited power. Which Enlightenment thinker would have supported this arrangement?
Who is Montesquieu?
Napoleon claimed to preserve revolutionary principles, but his decision to crown himself emperor contradicted this Enlightenment principle that government authority should have limits.
What is limited government?
Napoleon's Continental System damaged European economies and increased this reaction among nations under French control.
What is resistance to French rule?
The French Constitution of 1791 restricted voting rights primarily to men who met requirements involving payment of these.
What are taxes?
In 1799, Napoleon overthrew France's struggling government. What governing body did he replace?
What is the Directory?
In 1804, France returned to a system in which one individual held enormous political authority. What title did that individual assume?
What is Emperor?
Revolutionary leaders claimed to protect individual liberty, but the Committee of Public Safety used fear and executions to silence suspected opponents. Which revolutionary ideal did these actions violate?
What is liberty?
During Napoleon's invasion of Russia, the destruction of food supplies, freezing temperatures, and exhaustion caused the collapse of this major French military force.
What is Napoleon's Grand Army (Grande Armée)?
A historian argues that Napoleon's legal reforms did not provide equal rights to everyone. Which group provides a clear example of this inequality?
Who are women?
A military campaign in 1812 severely weakened Napoleon's army and helped turn the balance of power against his empire. In which country did this disaster occur?
What is Russia?
A historian argues that England's political changes in 1688–1689 established an important alternative to absolute monarchy. Which principle became central to the relationship between the monarch and Parliament?
What is limited government?
Napoleon promoted equality before the law through his legal reforms but restricted criticism of his government. Which fundamental freedom did he limit?
What is freedom of speech?