12.1 & 12.2
Define: Divine Right
A monarch’s authority to rule came directly from God
This nation emerged as a new Protestant German-speaking power in the north following the Thirty Year War
Prussia
The Enlightenment is also known as the:
Age of Reason
What did the colonists mean by “No taxation without representation”?
They opposed being taxed by the British Parliament because they had no representatives there
What is the Bill of Rights?
The first ten amendments to the Constitution, which protect freedoms such as religion, speech, and the press
Define: absolute monarchy
The ruler has complete authority over the government and the lives of the people
This Russian leader used absolute power to modernize Russia and make it a great power
Peter the Great
How did some governments and church officials respond to the Enlightenment?
They waged a war of censorship, restricting access to ideas and information
What happened during the Boston Massacre in 1770?
British soldiers in Boston fired on a crowd that was throwing stones and snowballs
What was one of the main reasons for the French Revolution?
The king spent excessively on luxury
This empire consisted of a large group of lands in central Europe (mostly what is now Germany).
Holy Roman Empire
What was Peter the Great’s policy of westernization?
The adoption of Western ideas, technology, and culture in Russia
What were salons during the Enlightenment?
Informal social gatherings where people discussed literature, the arts, science, and philosophy
How did Enlightenment ideas influence Thomas Jefferson?
He was inspired by John Locke’s ideas about natural rights when writing the Declaration of Independence
What was the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen?
A proclamation that outlined individual rights
Ferdinand, the Catholic Habsburg king of Bohemia, tried to suppress Protestants and reassert power over nobles. This sparked what became known as the:
Thirty-Year War
By 1750, which five European powers dominated European affairs?
Austria, Prussia, France, Britain, and Russia
What was one result of the French and Indian War that we discussed?
Britain gained all of French Canada
According to the Declaration of Independence, what are the natural laws or rights of people?
Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
How did Napoleon Bonaparte rise to power in France?
Politicians initially turned to him to stabilize France, but he outmaneuvered them and became ruler
During the European wars of religion, what did monarchs aim to do? (2)
Impose royal law and restore order in their kingdoms
Revealing natural laws that govern human life, which are unchanging, was the main focus of:
Why were colonial cities like Boston, New York, and Philadelphia important?
They were successful business centers linking North America to the West Indies, Africa, and Europe
What type of government did the U.S. Constitution establish?
A federal republic, where power is divided between the national government and the states
How were the American and French Revolutions similar?
Both were inspired by Enlightenment ideals, such as liberty and the rights of individual citizens