Absolutism & Monarchy
What type of ruler has complete control over the government and laws?
Absolute monarch
What belief says people who share a common language, culture, or history should form their own nation?
This movement encouraged people to question traditional authority and think for themselves.
The Enlightenment
Which method was proposed and encouraged in order to find answers by running experiments to find a conclusion?
The Scientific Method
What event caused mass starvation and emigration in Ireland?
The Irish Potato Famine
What Palace Palace symbolized the power and wealth of absolute monarchs in France?
Palace of Versailles
What two regions unified into single nations in the 1800s?
The German States and the Italian States
Which philosopher believed people are born with natural rights like life and liberty?
John Locke
Who proposed the idea that the Earth revolved around the sun?
Nicolas Copernicus
What year is known as "The Year of Revolutions"?
1848
Which ruler of Russia strengthened royal power, expanded the empire, and used fear and violence to control the nobility? He also killed his son and made his daughter-in-law miscarry.
Ivan the Terrible
Who helped Germany through war and diplomacy?
Otto von Bismarck
Which Founding Father was strongly influenced by Enlightenment ideas while writing the Declaration of Independence?
Thomas Jefferson
Who improved the telescope and supported heliocentrism, angering the Church?
Galileo Galilei
What term describes the violent period in France where many people were executed by guillotine? Who led it?
The Reign of Terror, Maximilien Robespierre
What are the names of the French royalty executed during the French Revolution?
King Louis XVI and Marie Antionette
Why was Nationalism a cause for revolution in Europe?
People wanted to self-rule rather than foreign control
Which Enlightenment thinker and Founding Father was also a scientist and a diplomat?
Benjamin Franklin
Who developed the laws of motion and gravity?
Isaac Newton
How did Britain respond different to demands for change?
Passed peaceful reforms instead of ignoring citizens until they lead a revolution.
Name at least one major effect of absolutism on society.
Limited rights
Heavy taxes
Social Inequality
Inequality of Votes
Revolutions
How did nationalism change Europe's political map?
It created new nations and weakened empires.
How did Enlightenment ideas contribute to revolutions?
It inspired people to demand rights, equality, and limits on government.
How did the Scientific Revolution influence the Enlightenment?
It encourage the use of reason and questioning authority.
Why did so many revolutions fail in 1848?
Lack of unity, strong armies, conservative resistance