Atoms, Ions, and Molecules
Properties of Water
Chemical Reactions
Enzymes
Carbon-Based Molecules
100
The four most common elements in the human body are...
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
100
True or False: The atoms in a molecule of water are bound together through hydrogen bonds.
False. The atoms in a molecule of water are bound together through polar covalent bonds.
100
The amount of energy that needs to be absorbed to start a chemical reaction
activation energy (Ea)
100
Most enzymes are...
proteins
100
How many bonds can carbon make?
4
200
When forming a bond, this atom is more likely to gain electron(s)/lose electron(s) making this a __________ charged ion.
lose electrons
positively
200
These prevent rapid, drastic changes in the pH of a body fluid by converting strong acids and bases into weak acids and bases.
Buffers
200
What is a dehydration synthesis reaction?
the creation of larger molecules from smaller ones when a water molecule is released
200
The part of the enzyme where the substrate binds is called the
active site
200
_____ fats contain "kinks" in their structure due to the presence of one or more double bonds. These fats are _____ at room temperature.
1) Unsaturated fats
2) liquid
300
The bond that forms between two or more atoms that share a pair of electrons
covalent bond
300
Compare the hydrogen ion concentration between the two substances:
—Substance A: pH 2
—Substance B: pH 5
Substance A has 103 times more hydrogen ions than substance B.
300
What type of chemical reaction does this graph represent?
The graph represents an exothermic reaction because the reactants have high bond energies than the products.
300
Describe a catalyst's effect on activation energy and rate of chemical reaction.
DECREASES activation energy and INCREASES rate of chemical reaction
300
What are the three components of a nucleotide?
sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
400
What determines an atom's bonding properties?
the number of valence electrons
400
List the 3 properties of water we discussed in class.
High Specific Heat – Water resists changes in temperature. Compared to other compounds, water must absorb more heat energy to change in temperature.
Cohesion: the attraction among molecules of a substance; water molecules stick together; produces surface tension
Adhesion: the attraction between molecules of different substances; water molecules stick to other things
400
When does a chemical reaction reach equilibrium?
when a reaction takes place at equal rates in both directions
400
Changes in temperature and pH can break hydrogen bonds within the enzyme, impeding its ability to function properly. This is called _____.
denaturation
400
List the four biomolecules and each of their monomers.
carbohydrates = monosaccharides
lipids = glycerol and fatty acids
proteins = amino acids
nucleic acids = nucleotides
500
Give an example of each of the following:
element, molecule, compound
element: a substance made up of one type of atom and cannot be broken into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means
molecule: two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
compound: a substance made of atoms of different elements bonded together in a certain ratio
500
The atoms in ammonia (NH3) are bound together through equal sharing of electrons. Using this information, answer the following question:
Would ammonia dissolve in oil?
Yes. Ammonia is nonpolar and so is oil. Like dissolves like.
500
What type of chemical reaction is this?
hydrolysis reaction
500
When a piece of liver is dropped into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the peroxide bubbles vigorously as a result of what reaction?
a) peroxide being broken into water and oxygen
b) peroxide is destroying germs in the liver
c) more peroxide is being created by the liver
d) liver and peroxide are joining together to make a new protein
A
500
What is this structure? Label each of the highlighted components.
A protein composed of amino acids.
red = amino group
green = peptide bond
blue = carboxyl group