Urinalysis
The type of crystals would you find in an acidic and Alkaline pH.
What are:
Acidic: Ammonium Biurate, Urate/Uric acid, Bilirubin and Calcium Oxalate
Alkaline: Calcium Carbonate, Calcium Phosphate and Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate (Struvite)
Bonus- What do each of the crystals look like/when do you see them
This type of dehydration occurs when total body sodium decreases more than total body water, commonly seen in horses with excessive sweating or patients with diarrhea followed by water intake.
What is hypotonic (hyponatremic) dehydration
This trio of analytes, when increased in serum, indicate azotemia
What are urea nitrogen (BUN/UN), creatinine, and SDMA
Vomiting commonly causes this primary acid-base disorder due to loss or sequestration of H⁺ and Cl
What is metabolic Alkalosis
This is one of the three major regulatory processes controlling blood potassium concentration.
What is intake (diet), renal excretion, or shifting between ICF and ECF?
The most common intoxication in dogs and cats and what type of crustal would you find?
What is Ethylene glycol and Calcium Oxalate - Monohydrate
This dehydration state is characterized by normal sodium and chloride concentrations but decreased total body water and sodium due to equal loss of isotonic fluid, commonly from renal diuretics
What is isotonic (normonatremic) dehydration?
A dehydrated dog with azotemia and a USG of 1.055 most likely has this type of azotemia.
What is prerenal Azotemia
Bonus- What would you see in renal Azotemia?
ISOs- not concentrating properly
In metabolic acidosis, the respiratory system compensates by doing this.
What is Hyperventilation
Cows grazing lush grass low in magnesium may develop this condition characterized by hypomagnesemia.
What is grass tetany
The different urine colors indicate - Colorless, Light Yellow, Dark Yellow, Red and clear, red and cloudy, Orange to Brown and Coffee-brown?
Colorless- Dilute (Not concentrated)
Light Yellow- Normal, Dark Yellow- normal concentrated
Red and clear- hemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria
Red and cloudy- Hematuria
Orange to Brown- bilirubin
Coffee-brown- Myoglobinuria
This disorder causes hypernatremia with a very low urine specific gravity (<1.007) due to failure of ADH production or response, leading to “pure” water loss.
What is diabetes insipidus?
In uroperitoneum, urea and creatinine increase in plasma primarily because of this mechanism
What is diffusion of urea and creatinine from abdominal fluid into plasma?
This condition refers specifically to decreased oxygen in arterial blood.
What is Hypoxemia
Low total calcium with normal free calcium in a hypoproteinemic patient is due to decreased __________ calcium.
What is protein-bound calcium?
A dehydrated dog presents with: USG: 1.010 Protein: 3+ Sediment: inactive Serum albumin: 1.8 g/dL (low) This is the only category of proteinuria that causes hypoalbuminemia.
What is glomerular proteinuria
This common disease can cause hypotonic dehydration due to decreased aldosterone production and should also result in hyperkalemia.
What is hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease)?
In chronic kidney disease, polyuria occurs due to these three combined defects.
What are solute diuresis, decreased medullary tonicity, and decreased tubular response to ADH?
When checking Blood Gas analysis you always get blood from this place
What is arterial Blood
This condition in a male cat commonly causes hyperkalemia due to decreased renal excretion.
What is urinary tract obstruction (post-renal obstruction)?
A voided sample shows: Protein 2+, Many RBCs, Many WBCs, Bacteria And Normal serum albumin The proteinuria is best categorized as
What is inflammatory (postrenal) proteinuria?
Marked hyperglycemia (>400 mg/dL) can cause hyponatremia by shifting water from this compartment into the extracellular fluid.
What is the intracellular fluid (ICF)?
This is the major mechanism of polyuria in diabetes mellitus
What is solute diuresis
8-year-old female spayed Labrador Retriever Presented for lethargy, vomiting for 3 days, and decreased appetite. Owner
reports possible access to garbage. Depressed, 8% dehydrated, Tachypneic and Mild abdominal pain
Blood Gas Results (Arterial):
pH: 7.25 (RI 7.35–7.45)
PaCO₂: 28 mmHg (RI 35–45)
HCO₃⁻: 12 mmol/L (RI 16–26)
PaO₂: 95 mmHg (normal)
Is the patient acidemic or alkalemic?
What is the primary disorder?
Is there compensation?
What is the likely pathophysiologic cause?
Step 1: Evaluate pH
pH = 7.25 → Acidemia
Step 2: Determine Primary Problem
HCO₃⁻ is decreased → metabolic component
PaCO₂ is also decreased (which would raise pH)
Primary problem = Metabolic acidosis
Step 3: Compensation
PaCO₂ is low → patient is hyperventilating to blow off CO₂
This is appropriate respiratory compensation
Final diagnosis:
Metabolic acidosis with compensatory respiratory alkalosis
In horses with chronic renal failure, decreased GFR leads to hypercalcemia due to decreased __________.
What is urinary excretion (clearance) of calcium?