Bronsted-Lowrey or Lewis
A Bronsted-Lowrey acid
A Bronsted-Lowrey base
donates protons (H+)
accepts or bonds to protons
A substance that loses or gives up or dissociates into H+ ions is
water and Carbon (not carbon dioxide!).
A neutral substance has pH
=7
How do acids taste?
Sour
A Lewis Acid
A Lewis Base
Accepts electrons
Donates electons
(opposite to what they do with protons)
A substance that gains H+ or dissociates into OH-
Aarhenius base
Acid + metal --> ????
Hydrogen gas (H2 (g)) + salt (metal ion + nonmetal from the acid)
An acidic substance has pH
How do bases taste?
Bitter. Like brussel sprouts.
An acid can
A base can
donate protons or accept electons
accept protons or donate electrons
When an aarhenius acid and an arrhenius base are combined in equal ratios, what is produced?
H2O, theoretically pH 7
Acid + base --> ????
Salt + water
A basic substance has pH
>7
How do bases feel?
Slippery. Bases often are found in detergents to make them extra slippery. Go home and use your pH strips to test your dishwasher detergent.
O2- ( a single oxygen atom with 2 extra electrons) is
A lewis base: electron donor. Its valence shell is full and if it bumps into an atom that need electrons, it will donate some of the ones it has.
(Weak acids (HA) do not dissociate completely in water into H+ and A-, the exist in water as some HA, some H+ and an equal amount of A-)
carbonic
acetic (vinegar)
phosphoric (H3PO4)
Nitrous (HNO2)
Formic (ants make this and sting you with it!) HCOOH
A buffer is made by mixing what?
A weak acid + the salt of its conjugate base. For example carbonic acid + sodium carbonate
phosphoric acid + sodium phosphate
acetic acid + sodium acetate
pH =
pOH =
-log[H+]
-log[OH-]
How can you generate hydrogen gas?
Mix acid + metal. Any metal will do, even Zn, an unreactive metal from the right side of the table.
2HCl + Zn--> ZnCl2 + H2.
ZnCl2 is a salt, a metal atoms bonded to a nonmetal atom.
A strong acid HA
Dissociates completely (when dissolved in water, turns completely into H+ and A-)
Strong acids dissociate completely in water into H+ and A-
The pH of strong acids depends on the concentration of HA in the solution.
HCl
H2SO4 (sulfuric)
Hydrobromic HBr
Hydroiodic HI
Nitric Acid HNO3
Why are buffers important?
To keep the pH of sensitive systems within a stable range.
What effect does adding acid have on pH?
Decreases pH.