Acids
What is the pH range for acids?
0-6
What is the pH range for bases?
8-14
All acids and bases are electrolytes. True or false?
True.
Why is water neutral?
In water, the concentration of H+ equals the concentration of OH-.
Neutral solutions have equal amounts of __ and ___.
H+ and OH-.
All chemical formulas begin with hydrogen and end with a nonmetal. What is the exception to this rule?
Carbon compounds ending in -COOH (carboxylic acids)
All names of bases end with "hydroxide" except for one base. What is the name of this base?
Aqueous ammonia, which is NH3(aq)
Phenolphthalein is colorless in a solution with a pH of 9. True or false?
False.
Phenolphthalein is colorless in a solution with a pH equal to or below 8. In a solution with a pH above 8, phenolphthalein is pink.
What is an Arrhenius acid AND what is an Arrhenius base?
Arrhenius acid: a substance that yields either protons (H+) or hydronium ions (H3O) as the only positive ions in the solution.
Arrhenius base: a substance that yields hydroxide ions (OH-) as the only negative ions in the solution.
An acid with more ____ is a better conductor of electricity than an acid with less ____.
Ions.
What is the most acidic bodily fluid?
Stomach acid.
What color would litmus be in a solution with a pH of 8?
Purple.
Litmus would be red in a solution with a pH below 4.5, purple in a solution with a pH between 4.5 and 8.3, and blue in a solution with a pH above 8.3.
When Ca(OH)2 dissociates in water, the products are Ca+2 and 2OH-. True or false?
True.
What is the general equation for neutralization?
acid + base --> salt + water
For example:
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) --> NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
HCl (acid) and NaOH (base) combine and produce NaCl (salt) and H2O (water).
The strength of an acid depends on its ______ __ ____________ in an aqueous solution.
Degree of dissociation (whether or not the acid fully dissociates in an aqueous solution).
Strong acids fully dissociate in water and weak acids only slightly dissociate in water.
All of the above is also true for bases.
Which of the following is an acid, HC2H3O2 or C6H5COOH?
Both. This was a trick question.
Which of the following is a base, RbOH or CH3OH?
RbOH.
CH3OH is not a base, it is an alcohol.
When a 100x increase in the concentration of hydronium ions in a solution occurs, the pH of the solution increases by 2. True or false?
False.
The pH of the solution decreases by 2.
What is the titration formula?
MA * VA = MB * VB
MA: molarity of H+
MB: molarity of OH-
VA: volume of acid
VB: volume of base
There is an _______ ____________ between the pH and concentration of H+.
Inverse relationship.
What kind of acid contains one acidic hydrogen? What kind of acid contains two acidic hydrogens? Answer both questions.
One acidic hydrogen: monoprotic acid.
Two acidic hydrogens: diprotic acid.
What kind of base contains one hydroxide ion? What kind of base contains two hydroxide ions? Answer both questions.
One hydroxide ion: monohydroxy base.
Two hydroxide ions: dihydroxy base.
Sweat is more acidic than pancreatic juice. True or false?
True.
Sweat has a pH of 4.8 and pancreatic juice has a pH of 8.4. The lower the pH, the more acidic a substance is.
Alternative acid-base theory
Define BOTH Bronsted-Lowry Acids AND Bronsted-Lowry Bases.
Bronsted-Lowry Acids: substances that can donate protons.
Bronsted-Lowry Bases: substances that can accept protons.
(Remember the acronym B.A.A.D., which stands for Bases Accept & Acids Donate.)
Each decrease of one unit on the pH scale corresponds to a ___ ________ in the concentration of H3O.
10x increase.
The same is true for the opposite: each increase of one unit on the pH scale corresponds to a 10x decrease in the concentration of H3O.