Autonomic Confident System
This branch of the ANS has a short preganglionic neuron and a much longer post-ganglionic neuron
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
This Mendelian law stipulates that alleles for different genes are distributed to gametes independently of each other
What is the law of independent assortment?
Patient is a farmer
What is organophosphate poisoning
There are two main variants of this disease discussed in class: one would make you a very talented contortionist and the other has a far worse prognosis with increased risk of berry aneurysms
What is Ehlers-Danlos?
Bonus(50): What type of collagen is affected in each form?
All beta-agonists stimulate this GTP-regulated pathway
What is the Gs pathway?
In cases of acute anaphylaxis, administration of this medication is most commonly used to alleviate the immediate respiratory dsitress
What is epinephrine or adrenaline?
When assessing the severity of a cancer, this category of staging is most relevant for an accurate prognosis
What is metastasis or M stage(M1)?
In the treatment of organophosphate poisoning, this medication is used to regenerate acetylcholine esterase
What is pralidoxime?
Mitochondrial diseases specifically often present with inconsistent severity due to this principle
What is heteroplasmy?
Patient was breastfed until recently
What is hereditary fructose intolerance or essential fructosuria?
We'll cover virology in a later module, but we did spend time learning about this viral infection that incorporates its DNA into the host genome for transcription of E6 and E7 toxins that promote cancerous growth, most commonly cervical cancer
What is HPV?
Non-receptor tyrosine kinases do not have innate kinase activity and depend on recruited kinases that add phosphate residues via this mechanism following receptor dimerization
What is cross-phosphorylation?
Fun fact: This pathway is regulated by the enzyme JAK, or Janus kinase. Janus is the name of the Roman god of duality, hence the equality of each kinase phosphorylating the other
This talented medication has numerous uses, including ectopic pregnancy, anti-neoplastic activity, autoimmune diseases, and induced abortions via its main pathway of inhibiting DHFR
What is methotrexate?
Dysregulation of this protein leads to disruption of the G1 to S transition of the cell cycle, most commonly presenting with pale red reflex, white discoloration of the eye, and osteosarcoma
What is retinoblastoma?
Cholinergic overdose/poisoning can lead to diaphoresis, a direct effect of sympathetic innervation of these receptors (Be more specific than just adrenergic, muscarinic, or nicotinic)
What are M3 receptors?
Mutation in the FBN1 gene leads to this autosomal dominant condition, leading to impaired fibrillin formation and potentially death if weakening of the aortic wall leads to an aneurysm
What is Marfan Syndrome?
Red spot on macula of the eye (name both)
What is Neimann-Pick and Tay-Sachs?
Vitamin B1 deficiency may lead to reversible ataxia, confusion, ophthalmoplegia, and permanent anterograde and retrograde amnesia if left untreated, a condition most commonly referred to as this
What is Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome?
Increased contractility of cardiomyocytes and phosphorylation of myosin light-chains in smooth muscle are both effects of this enzyme, stimulated by cAMP
What is protein kinase A?
This medication has a notorious list of side effects including; vitamin B6 deficiency, sideroblastic anemia, and drug-induced lupus. It is most notably used as part of the treatment regimen for TB
What is isoniazid?
This phase of neoplasm development is characterized by breaching of the basement membrane but before colonization of distant tissues (Hint: this is not a stage or grade)
What is invasive carcinoma?
This branch of ANS medications(also called antisympathetics) includes alpha and beta blockers, decreasing catecholamine receptor stimulation or catecholamine synthesis/release
What are sympatholytics?
Protein A is folded properly while protein B is misfolded. Protein B inhibits the normal function of protein A. This is the most classical example of this kind of mutation
What is a dominant negative mutation?
Single palmar crease
What is Down Syndrome?
Fibrofatty replacement of calf muscles is most commonly an indicator of this genetic pathology arising from a genetic frameshift mutation
What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
Vitamins A and D as well as T3 and T4 share this binding site for signal transduction
What are nuclear receptors?
A cardiac glycoside medication used in the treatment of CHF, acts on the Na/K pump in cardiomyocytes to increase the ion gradient across the cellular membrane by increasing intracellular Ca concentration
What is digoxin or digitalis?
What is the brain?
Bonus(200): Name an example of a brain cancer
Blood pressure modulation is in part regulated by secretion of this hormone upon beta-1 receptor stimulation on juxtaglomerular cells
What is renin?
When two genes are located on the same chromosome, we use this term to refer to the finding that they have completely random chances of being inherited together as if they were on different chromosomes
What is linkage equilibrium?
Symmetric descending flaccid paralysis
What is botulism?
Proximal muscle weakness, hypo/areflexia, dysphagia, paralysis, and other related symptoms are commonly found in this genetic disease. Pathophysiology: apoptosis of CNS neurons due to improper assembly of spliceosomes
What is spinal muscular atrophy?
Bonus(250): what neurons are most commonly affects? (Include type and location)
IVIG antibodies targeting growth-hormone receptors on tumor cells may be ineffective if the cancer was caused due to a mutation in this GTP-dependent signaling molecule, commonly regulated by NF1
What is Ras?
Reasoning: the RTK signaling pathway that regulates proliferation and differentiation uses Ras to initiate production of transcription factors following growth factor stimulation of growth hormone receptors, but the concentration of growth hormone or receptors is irrelevant if Ras is stuck in the on-position(GTP bound)
A 57-year-old patient presents with symptoms of a beta-blocker overdose. Hypotension and bradycardia do not improve with atropine or fluids. This medication was initiated to bypass the beta receptor blockade
What is IV glucagon?
Upregulation of this gene alerts tp53 of DNA damage, initiating transcription of the p53 protein which halts cell cycle progression at the G1 phase
What is the ATM gene?