Pituitary
The most common cause of hypopituitarism is ________.
Pituitary adenoma (tumor)
Cushing syndrome is most commonly caused by what?
Prolonged corticosteroid use (exogenous steroids).
Type 1 diabetes results from destruction of which pancreatic cells?
Beta cells
Thalassemia major is caused by defective production of which protein?
Globin chains in hemoglobin
Type I hypersensitivity involves which immunoglobulin?
IgE
What hormone deficiency causes adrenal crisis in hypopituitarism?
ACTH
Post-hypophysectomy, the nurse notes clear nasal drainage. What is the priority action?
Test for glucose (possible CSF leak)
Name three hallmark physical manifestations of Cushing syndrome.
Truncal obesity, moon face, buffalo hump.
List the “Three P’s” of diabetes.
Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia
Why is iron chelation therapy needed in thalassemia major?
To prevent iron overload from frequent transfusions
Give an example of a Type II cytotoxic reaction.
Hemolytic transfusion reaction or Rh incompatibility
Which electrolyte imbalance occurs in Cushing’s syndrome?
↑ Na⁺, ↓ K⁺
A client with DI after pituitary surgery will exhibit what key findings?
High urine output, low specific gravity, dehydration, hypernatremia
What electrolyte imbalance is expected in Cushing syndrome, and what causes it?
Hypokalemia due to cortisol causing potassium loss and sodium/water retention.
Compare DKA and HHS in one key difference.
DKA has ketosis/acidosis; HHS has no ketones
Which bleeding disorder results from Factor VIII deficiency?
Hemophilia A
What condition represents a Type III immune complex reaction?
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Which lab confirms diabetes mellitus per ADA criteria?
Fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL or A1C ≥6.5%
In SIADH, what fluid management is implemented and why?
Fluid restriction to prevent dilutional hyponatremia
Addison’s disease involves deficiency of which three adrenal hormones?
Cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens
What is the priority nursing action for a hypoglycemic, conscious client?
Give 15 g of simple carbohydrates (e.g., juice)
Which platelet disorder is treated with corticosteroids or IVIG?
Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP)
A client develops wheezing and hypotension after penicillin. What is the priority nursing action?
Administer epinephrine IM
What genetic disorder results in defective β-globin synthesis and bone deformities?
Thalassemia major
Name two lifelong hormone replacements after total hypophysectomy.
Hydrocortisone (glucocorticoid) and levothyroxine (thyroid)
A client in Addisonian crisis is hypotensive and weak. What is the immediate treatment?
IV hydrocortisone and normal saline with dextrose
Name one macrovascular and one microvascular complication of diabetes.
Macrovascular: CAD/CVA; Microvascular: retinopathy/nephropathy
A patient receiving a transfusion develops fever and chills within 15 minutes. What is the nurse’s first action?
Stop the transfusion immediately
Distinguish hyperacute vs. acute transplant rejection by onset.
Hyperacute: within 24 hours (irreversible); Acute: within 6 months (treatable)
What is the universal nursing precaution for all endocrine and hematologic clients?
Medical alert identification and stress-dose teaching