Theory
Cesare Beccaria believed the only rationale for laws and punishment are for what?
Utility-meaning they benefit the majority
Under this belief, certain biochemical processes cause people to commit crimes.
Biological inferiority
The idea that criminal behavior is learned by observing others without performing a criminal act or without receiving direct reinforcement or reward.
modeling or imitation
A formal means of social control that involves the use of rules that are interpreted and enforced.
Criminal Law
This code had 285 laws dealing with matters to include personal property, real estate, family injuries and labor. It was also known as the first great code of laws.
The Code of Hammurabi
Under this belief, people commit crime because they rationally calculate that crime will give them more pleasure than pain.
The exercise of free will
Theory that certain characteristics are indicative of biological inferiority which causes a person with certain physical characteristics to commit crime
Criminal Anthropology
According to this theorist, crime is a social fact and is a normal aspect of society.
Emile Durkheim
A means of resolving conflicts between individuals such as personal injury claims or other torts.
Civil Law
A group of noble men appointed by the king who were responsible for hearing cases and making decisions on feuds or complaints in the interest of the king’s peace was known as the ________________.
The eyre
Under this theory if people could understand the world through science and its function, then they could change it.
Classical Theory
The idea that certain body types were more prone to criminal activity.
Body-type Theory
Cesare Becerra believed in preventing crime over punishing criminals. What were the two types of deterrence Becerra talked about in the text?
Special or specific deterrence and general deterrence
What are the two types of criminal law?
Substantive and Procedural law
What are the four (4) Amendments that apply to Procedural Law?
4th, 5th,6th and 8th
Cesare Beccaria believed that ___________ was the ultimate goal of punishment.
deterrence
Low levels of what hormone in the brain have been found in people accused of arson and murder. (Mood, memory and behavior.)
Serotonin
This theorist believed crime is a means by which individuals can satisfy their basic human needs such as Physiological (food, water, procreation), Safety (security, stability, freedom), Belongingness (love, friendship, affection) Esteem (self-esteem and esteem of others), Self-actualization (being true to one’s nature).
Abraham Maslow
Identify the landmark United States Supreme Court decision that expanded the right against self incrimination to include custodial police interrogations.
Miranda v. Arizona
What are the four (4) sources of law in the United States?
Case Law, Statutory Law, the U.S. Constitution and Regulatory Law
Under this theory, the belief that some factors may contradict free will such as insanity.
Neo Classical Theory
These describe the three body types under William Sheldon's Body-Type Theory
Ectomorph, Mesomorph and Endomorph
The idea that criminal behavior is learned by observing others without performing a criminal act or without receiving direct reinforcement or reward.
modeling or imitation
In the United States, a person can be served this written order and be ordered by the court to appear and give testimony and or provide documents or objects to be made available for examination.
Subpoena
This aspect of the 14th Amendment is concerned with the procedures followed by the courts to ensure the victim's constitutional rights are violated.
Due process