Erikson
His title for Stage 5, covering the adolescent period
What is Identity versus identity-confusion?
The 2 characteristics that Marcia focuses on in describing adolescent identity development, each of which can be present or absent, and form the 4 categories for his framework.
What are Crisis/Exploration and Commitment?
The number of stages (Gilligan) and periods (Ginzberg) used to describe moral development and career choice.
What is 3?
The number of Levels and the number of Stages making up Kohlberg's Sequence of Moral Reasoning.
What are 3 and 6?
The adolescent growth spurt begins earlier in this group, at around age 10.
What are girls?
His title for the stage before adolescence, covering ages 6-12 years.
What is Industry versus inferiority?
The acronym MAMA stands for these categories, that an adolescent often moves between in a cycle as they work out an identity.
What are moratorium---identity achievement---moratorium---identity achievement?
The title for Ginzberg's middle period of career choice, usually coinciding with adolescence when a young person begins to think in pragmatic terms about jobs and how their abilities might fit with a job's requirements.
What is the tentative period?
The titles of Kohlberg's 3 Levels.
What are preconventional, conventional, and postconventional?
Early maturation is largely a plus for this group.
What are boys?
He suggest that this is a period during which adolescents take time off from upcoming responsibilities and explore various roles and possibilities.
What is "psychological moratorium"?
Marcia's name for the category when commitment is present(or high) and crisis is absent(or low), meaning a young person has chosen a field to go into at an early age without exploring other possibilities.
What is identity foreclosure?
Gilligan titles her first stage of Moral Development in Women "Orientation to Individual Survival and says girls first concentrate on what is best for them, and then transition from selfishness to this.
What is responsibility?
Kohlberg's theory provides a good account of the development of moral judgements, but the links with these are less strong.
What are moral behaviors?
Later physical maturation is often a plus for this group.
What are girls?
What is individuality and competitiveness?
The category where Marcia suggests teens experience high anxiety and psychological conflict, yet are often lively and appealing. These teens typically settle on and identity after something of a struggle.
What is Moratorium?
The period Ginzberg describes as occurring during early adulthood, usually involving actual experience on the job or training for a profession.
What is the realistic period?
Critics point out that Kohlberg's research is based on this gender and these cultures, making his framework more suited to describing moral development of those whose background match his research subjects.
What is the male gender and Western cultures?
This group is more likely than the other to think of themselves as above average in mathematical ability, competitiveness, and emotional health.
What are men?
Arguing that men and women move through the stage of adolescence differently, Erikson argues that men first do this, before committing to an intimate relationship.
What is developing a stable identity?
The category described by Marcia in which adolescents neither explore nor commit to consider various alternatives, which impairs their ability to form close relationships.
What is Identity diffusion?
Gilligan sees this as the most sophisticated level of moral reasoning, when women make a transition from goodness to truth, and come to see that hurting anyone---including themselves, is immoral.
What is the Morality of nonviolence?
According to Kohlberg, individuals progress through his stages in a fixed order and are unable to reach the highest stage until adolescence due to deficits in this, that must be overcome.
What is cognitive development?
This group typically score lower on tests of moral judgements using Kohlberg's stage sequence.
What are women?