Internalizing
What are the three main types of internalizing problems?
Stress, Anxiety, and Depression
What are the three categories of externalizing behavior during adolescence?
Conduct disorder, aggression, and delinquency
What are the two most frequently used substances by adolescents?
Alcohol and cigarettes
What are the three main categories of problem behaviors in adolescence?
Substance use, externalizing, internalizing
During adolescence, who is more likely to experience depression - males or females?
Females
What are the four dimensions of depression symptoms?
Emotional, physical, cognitive, motivational
How does aggressive behavior change across development?
Aggression declines over the course of childhood and adolescence in sheer quality, but increases in seriousness. Aggression is fairly stable within persons across time, however.
What is the difference between abuse and dependence?
Abuse means using substances more frequently than one should (binge drinking for example); dependence reflects a tolerance for greater amounts of substances without feeling the effects and negative symptoms of withdrawal
What is an allele?
An allele is variability in a gene. For example, in a gene for eye color, there can be alleles for blue eyes and for brown eyes.
In brain scans, addicts show GREATER OR LESS activation in dopamine receptors, compared with non-addicts?
Why is depressive disorder hard to diagnose during adolescence?
Overdiagnosis, stereotypes of the period, comorbidity with other syndromes (other psychosocial or behavioral problems are what is often noticed first)
What is the age-crime curve? Describe the curve
Increases in adolescence, peaks in late adolescence/early adulthood, declines thereafter.
What effect does substance use have on the adolescent brain?
BONUS POINTS IF YOU CAN IDENTIFY 2 TASKS USED TO DETECT THIS.
Impairs the ability to form new memories.
*Morris water maze task, complex figure task
What is the name of the hormone that is thought to play a role in why girls are more vulnerable to depression? HINT - the love hormone
Oxytocin - it leaves girls more oriented toward and sensitive to interpersonal relationships, which makes them more vulnerable to relational disruptions.
What are the four types of risk factors for substance abuse?
Familial, social, contextual, psychological
What are 3 reasons why adolescents are more vulnerable to depression?
Brain maturation, puberty (hormones, bodily changes, sleep deprivation, introspection, rumination, exposure to stress, changes in relationships with adults, substance use
Which factors predict adolescent limited offending?
Poor parenting and antisocial peer influence
Why is susceptibility to addiction higher during adolescence than at other developmental periods?
Changes in the limbic system that affect receptors for dopamine occur during adolescence.
Describe the two main trajectories of antisocial behavior according to Moffit's developmental taxonomy.
LCP - persistently high levels of antisocial behavior beginning in childhood and continuing into adulthood.
AL - Antisocial behavior that is limited to adolescence - no antisocial behavior during childhood and ends during young adulthood.
Why are girls more vulnerable to depression?
Reactions to puberty, genetic influence, gender intensification hypothesis - changes in social relationships may leave girls more vulnerable/social roles; stress, rumination and sensitivity to others
What is the diathesis stress model for depression?
Depression may occur when individuals who are predisposed toward internalizing problems are exposed to chronic or acute stressors that precipitate a depressive reaction. Those without the diathesis (predisposition) are able to withstand a great deal of stress without psychological problems, whereas those with the diathesis can become depressed in the face of relatively minor stress.
Family factors (genes and environment), history of aggressive and antisocial behavior (early onset of problems), poor self-regulation/suppression of aggression/impulse control/ADHD symptoms, biological predispositions toward antisocial behavior. Psychoneurological problems.
In the study by Shedler and Block, who demonstrated poorer psychological functioning - experimenters or abstainers?
Abstainers - they were observed to be anxious, emotionally constricted, and lacking in social skills
What is the role of dopamine in addiction?
Frequent drug use signals the brain to reduce levels of natural dopamine in order to maintain the proper level (because the dopamine receptors can't tell the difference between the drug molecules and dopamine molecules). As a result, the more you use drugs, the less dopamine circulates in your brain and in order to experience pleasurable feelings, it is necessary to supplement the low levels of natural dopamine with drugs.
Why does offending tend to desist during the transition to young adulthood?
BONUS POINTS IF YOU CAN NAME THE STUDY THAT DISCUSSES THIS
Psychosocial maturity improves during that time and is thought to explain desistance. Monahan, Steinberg, Cauffman, & Mulvey - Pathways Study - 2013