Problems and Coping
These two major classes of adolescent psychological problems refer to turning distress inward vs. outward.
What are internalizing and externalizing problems?
Substance use before this age is a strong predictor of later substance use disorder.
What is 13?
This class of mental health disorders is typically considered unethical to give as a diagnosis in adolescents until after the age of 18.
What is anorexia nervosa?
According to Kohlberg, individuals move through four levels (or six stages) of this developmental domain.
What is moral reasoning?
Adolescents are more likely to conform when their sense of this personal trait is low.
What is self-esteem or self-concept?
In general, girls tend to show higher rates of these types of problems compared to boys.
What are internalizing problems?
Believing alcohol will make you more social or relaxed demonstrates these cognitive influences.
What are expectancy effects?
Adolescents in highly achievement-oriented, perfectionistic, or high-pressure environments tend to struggle more with this disorder.
What is anorexia nervosa?
This assessment tool, the DIT-2, measures how people reason about moral dilemmas.
What is the Defining Issues Test (DIT-2)?
This sociometric status category describes children who receive many positive and negative nominations.
What is controversial status?
This is the most frequent reason adolescent boys are referred for mental-health treatment.
What are externalizing/behavioral problems (e.g., conduct issues, aggression, hyperactivity)?
Specifically, academic issues.
Alcohol prevention programs often use this approach, which teaches students to resist persuasion by exposing them to weak counterarguments.
What is attitude inoculation training?
Parent Management Training relies heavily on this educational component to help parents understand child behavior patterns. It may evolve assigned reading for parents about the trials of puberty, for example.
What is psychoeducation?
This post-conventional stage recognizes that laws can be changed when they fail to promote human rights or well-being.
What is Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation?
Children who receive few positive or negative nominations and tend to be overlooked by peers fall into this group.
What is neglected status?
This coping style involves altering the stressor itself rather than one's emotional reaction to it.
What is problem-focused coping?
Long-term drug use can create hypersensitivity in this neural system tied to motivation and pleasure.
What is the reward circuitry (dopamine pathway)?
Adolescents who experience persistent sadness, loss of interest, and fatigue may be showing signs of this internalizing disorder.
What is depression?
In this stage of Kohlberg's model, moral reasoning is based on avoiding punishment.
What is Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation?
Children who receive many positive nominations and few negative ones fall into this sociometric category.
What is popular status?
The cognitive avoidance theory explains why this type of coping increases risk for internalizing disorders.
What is avoidant coping?
This schedule of reinforcement—also used in gambling—helps explain the addictive pull of substances during adolescence.
What is a variable ratio schedule?
This externalizing disorder involves impulsivity, hyperactivity, and difficulty sustaining attention and may provide specific vulnerability to substance use problems due to the nature of dopamine's involvement.
What is ADHD?
This feminist theorist argued that moral reasoning often follows a care perspective instead of a justice-based one.
Who is Carol Gilligan?
Adolescents in this sociometric category often show the greatest risk for later externalizing problems due to peer exclusion.
What is rejected status?