Respiratory 1
true or false: emphysema is a lung disease of COPD characterized by inflammation of the bronchial tubes and excessive mucus production
false, thats chronic bronchitis
emphysema is characterized by air sacs are damaged and enlarges, causing hyperinflation and breathlessness
what is the leading cause of COPD?
smoking
true or false: you should restrain a pt during a seizure
false, do not restrain
This type of headache, often described as a dull, aching pain or pressure around the head, is commonly triggered by stress, poor posture, or muscle tension.
tension HA
what precipitates DKA? What type of diabetes is this common in?
infection or other stressors or inadequate insulin
type 1
True or False: In type 2 diabetes mellitus, the body becomes resistant to insulin, leading to elevated blood glucose levels.
true
how is the cough in tuberculosis different from the cough in pneumonia?
tb it is mostly dry, in pneumonia it is productive
what 3 respiratory disorders are considered chronic?
(only 2 are on study guide, so get points for those 2)
asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis
what is the suspected etiology for Bell's Palsy in most cases?
viral
This surgical intervention is considered for patients with trigeminal neuralgia who do not respond to medication. It relocates the artery that compresses the trigeminal nerve.
microvascular decompression
what is vasopressin and what does it do?
hormone aka ADH
regulates water blance in body by controlling water reabs in kidneys
This condition, characterized by insufficient production of cortisol and aldosterone, often presents with symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, hypotension, and hyperpigmentation of the skin.This condition, characterized by insufficient production of cortisol and aldosterone, often presents with symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, hypotension, and hyperpigmentation of the skin.
ADDISONS
this disorder is marked by bronchiole inflammation, broncoconstriction, and mucus production
asthma
state 3 risk factors for aspiration
decreased LOC, brain injury, swallowing disorders, stroke
a patient presents with monotonous speech, flexed elbows and wrist, a shuffling gait and akinesia. What is causing these symptoms?
parkinson's disease
depletion of dopamine and acetyl choline
what are prodromal sings of a seizure? When do they occur?
insomnia, irritability, mood changes. occur hours, days, or weeks before
a 40 year old woman present with fatigue, unexplained weight gain, cold intolerance, and dry skin. Phsical examination reveal goiter. Lab tests show elevated TSH and low T4. What is most liklet causing these symptoms?
hypothyroid
A nurse is assessing a patient suspected of having Cushing's disease. Which of the following physical signs would the nurse expect to find during the assessment? (Select all that apply)
A) Moon face
B) Purple striae on the abdomen
C) Hyperpigmentation of the skin
D) Thin, fragile skin
E) hirsutism
F) Weight loss
A, B, D , E
what is a barrel chest? What causes it?
rounded, bulging chest that resembles the shape of a barrel, often caused by chronic lung conditions like COPD or emphysema, where the lungs become chronically overinflated, leading to a permanently expanded rib cage.
what would the initial findings be on a patient with tuberculosis early on?
none, inconclusive, asymptomoatci primary infection
nursing interventions for migranes include educating patients about avoiding ____ and elevating the HOB to ____ degrees
triggers, 30
Which of the following are components of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)? (Select all that apply)
A) Eye opening response
B) Verbal response
C) Motor response
D) Pupil reaction to light
E) Respiratory rate
F) Reflexes
A B C
A 45-year-old patient is diagnosed with Diabetes Insipidus (DI). The nurse is reviewing the patient's lab results and clinical presentation. Which of the following findings are typically associated with DI? (Select all that apply)
A) High serum sodium levels
B) Decreased urine output with concentrated urine
C) Polyuria with diluted urine
D) Weight gain due to fluid retention
E) Low serum osmolality
AC
A 58-year-old patient with a history of poorly controlled type 2 diabetes reports numbness and tingling in their feet. During the nursing assessment, which of the following interventions should the nurse prioritize to prevent further complications of diabetic neuropathy? (Select all that apply)
A) Encourage the patient to perform daily foot inspections for cuts, blisters, and sores
B) Advise the patient to wear tight-fitting shoes to prevent friction on the feet
C) Recommend blood glucose control to prevent further nerve damage
D) Teach the patient to avoid walking barefoot, even indoors
E) Suggest taking warm foot baths to improve circulation and reduce discomfort
A, C, D
what does ICOUGH stand for and what does it treat/prevent?
Incentive spirometry, Couching and deep breathing, Oral care, Understanding, Getting out of bed at least 3 times daily, Head of bed elevation
prevention and treatment of atelectasis
A 65-year-old patient with a history of COPD presents with confusion, tachypnea, and a productive cough with greenish sputum. On auscultation, you hear crackles and wheezing in the lower lobes. The patient’s oxygen saturation is 88%, and their temperature is 101.5°F. Blood cultures are ordered, and the patient is diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Which of the following nursing interventions are appropriate for this patient? (Select all that apply)
A) Administer supplemental oxygen to maintain oxygen saturation above 92%
B) Encourage fluid intake to help thin secretions and promote expectoration
C) Prepare the patient for a chest tube insertion to drain pleural effusion
D) Administer antibiotics as ordered after obtaining cultures
E) Monitor for signs of sepsis, including hypotension and tachycardia
F) Restrict activity and bed rest until the patient’s fever resolves
G) Offer incentive spirometry every hour while awake to encourage deep breathing
A, B, D, E, G
A 32-year-old patient with a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) reports new symptoms of muscle weakness, blurred vision, and difficulty walking. Which of the following interventions should the nurse prioritize to manage the patient’s symptoms? (Select all that apply)
A) Encourage the patient to perform range-of-motion exercises to maintain mobility
B) Teach the patient strategies to manage heat sensitivity, as heat can exacerbate MS symptoms
C) Suggest the use of assistive devices like a cane or walker to improve mobility and prevent falls
D) Instruct the patient to avoid physical activity to prevent worsening of the symptoms
E) Monitor for signs of depression, as emotional changes are common in MS patients
A B C E
what is the difference between topiramate and triptans in treatment of migraines? what is the MOA of each?
topiramate is an antieptileptic preventive medication for migraines, MOA is unknown
triptans are abortive so they stop the progression and they work by quieting overactive pain nerves
What is the primary underlying cause of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), and what is the most common clinical manifestation of this condition?
underlying cause of SIADH is the excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leads to water retention and dilution of serum sodium. The most common clinical manifestation is hyponatremia, often accompanied by symptoms like confusion, seizures, or lethargy due to low sodium levels.
A 45-year-old patient with type 1 diabetes is experiencing signs of hypoglycemia, including shakiness, sweating, and confusion. The patient's blood glucose is measured at 58 mg/dL. Which of the following interventions should the nurse implement first? (Select all that apply)
A) Administer 15-20 grams of fast-acting carbohydrate, such as glucose tablets or juice
B) Offer a high-protein snack to raise blood glucose levels after initial recovery
C) Monitor the patient’s blood glucose every 15 minutes until it stabilizes
D) Call the healthcare provider immediately before administering any treatment
E) Assist the patient in lying down to rest until their blood glucose improves
A C