periop, fluid and electrolytes
true or false: chronic illness, renal disease, excessive fluid replacement and chronic malnutrition are some of the most common causes of hypotonic dehydration
true
what mode of transmission is tuberculosis?
what is the first step in management of a fracture
immediately immobilize
True or False: Patients with left hemisphere strokes often display impulsive behavior and poor safety awareness.
false
This type of hepatitis is most commonly transmitted through contaminated food or water.
hepatitis a
true or false: the following are common physical symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.
pain on weight bearing, rash, low grade fever
false
rheumatoid arthritis commons symptoms are small joint swelling, joint pain, and joint stiffness
is liver disease a risk factor for people undergoing surgery? why or why not?
yes, liver disease can affect the livers ability to metabolize meds, which includes anesthesia
what is stage 1 HTN?
systolic of 130-139 or diastolic of 80-89
this disease/ disorder is caused by breakdown of articular cartilage, which leads to damage of underlying bone
osteoarthritis
what are the three key features of DKA?
hyperglycemia, dehydration, and acidosis
This late-stage liver disease is often caused by chronic alcohol use and leads to portal hypertension and fibrosis.
cirrhosis
A client with HIV has been prescribed efavirenz (Sustiva) as part of their antiretroviral therapy (ART). Which statement made by the client indicates the need for further teaching?
A. “I’ll take this medication at bedtime to reduce dizziness and vivid dreams.”
B. “I should avoid driving until I know how this medication affects me.”
C. “I’ll take this medication on an empty stomach.”
D. “I can stop taking this medication if I feel better after a few weeks.”
d
which if the following are involved in timeout checklist? (choose all that apply)
a. antibiotics given within 30 min before procedure
b. confirm all team members introduced themselves by name and role
c. nursing team reviews if sterility has been confirmed
d. site is marked
e. anesthesia team reviews if there are any patient specific concerns
b, c, and e
not a because the time is 1 hour before you want antibiotic level to peak before incision is made
site is marked before the timeout
A nurse is caring for a client diagnosed with emphysema. Which of the following clinical manifestations should the nurse expect to find? (Select all that apply.)
A. Barrel-shaped chest
B. Hypocapnia
C. Dyspnea on exertion
D. Use of accessory muscles for breathing
E. Clubbing of the fingers
F. Bradycardia
a, c, d, e
A: Common due to hyperinflation of the lungs.
B: Incorrect — patients typically have hypercapnia (not hypocapnia) due to CO₂ retention.
C: A hallmark symptom as the disease progresses.
D: Seen in advanced cases as patients struggle to breathe.
E: Clubbing is often present due to chronic hypoxia.
F: Incorrect — patients may have tachycardia, not bradycardia, especially during respiratory distress.
_____ scan provides bone mineral density of spine hips and this is reported as a t score. A t-score of ___ indicates osteoporosis
DEXA
-2.5
what are the three possible causes of myasthenia gravis?
1. insufficient secretion of acetyl choline
2. excessive secretion of cholinesterase
3. unresponsiveness of muscle fibers to acetyl choline
This condition is characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, commonly seen in liver failure.
ascites
what are the three steps of carcinogenesis
three step process
1. initiation:carcinogens cause mutations in cells DNA leading to programmed cell death
2. promotion: repeat exposire to carcingen, proliferation and expansion of initiated cells, increased expression/manifestation of abnormal genetic
3. progression: angiogenesis --> invasion, show increasingly malignant behavior
list three nursing interventions for paralytic ileus
monitor Is and Os, maintain NPO until bowel sounds return, maintain patency on NG tube, encourage ambulation, IV fluids or parenteral nutrition, meds: increase gastric motility, try to treat non-operatively with NG tube and bowel rest
for patients with uncomplicated htn and no specific indicators for another med, what is the recommended medication?
a. calcium channel blockers
b. thiazide diuretic
c. ACE inhibitors
d. vasodilators
b
A patient recovering from a subtotal gastrectomy develops signs of early dumping syndrome 20 minutes after eating. As the nurse, you educate the patient about dietary modifications to prevent future episodes. Which of the following instructions would be most appropriate to include in your teaching? (Select all that apply.)
A. Eat small, frequent meals throughout the day
B. Drink fluids with meals to aid digestion
C. Lie down for 30 minutes after eating
D. Avoid high-carbohydrate foods, especially simple sugars
E. Include high-fiber foods and moderate protein with meals
F. Consume meals high in fat to slow gastric emptying
A, C, D, E
A nurse is developing a plan of care for a client with Cushing’s disease. Which nursing intervention has the highest priority?
A. Monitor for signs of infection
B. Encourage a high-sodium diet
C. Assess for signs of hypoglycemia
D. Provide range-of-motion exercises to prevent contractures
a is correct
A. patients with cushings have immunosuppression due to elevated cortisol levels. This means that they are at high risk of infection
B. Encourage a high-sodium diet – Incorrect; these clients are often on low-sodium diets due to fluid retention and hypertension.
C. Assess for signs of hypoglycemia – Incorrect; hyperglycemia is more likely due to increased cortisol.
D. Provide ROM exercises – Important for maintaining mobility, but not the priority over preventing potentially life-threatening infections.
In this condition, ammonia levels build up due to liver dysfunction, leading to confusion, asterixis, and altered LOC.
hepatic encephalopathy
A client is recovering from a left-sided mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection. The nurse is developing a care plan to reduce the client’s risk for lymphedema. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include? (Select all that apply.)
A. Avoid blood pressure measurements on the left arm
B. Elevate the left arm above heart level when sitting
C. Apply heating pads to the affected arm to reduce swelling
D. Encourage gentle range-of-motion (ROM) exercises of the left arm
E. Instruct the client to wear tight-fitting sleeves or bracelets on the left arm
F. Teach the client to avoid cuts, insect bites, or burns to the affected arm
Correct Answers: A, B, D, F
Correct Answers: A, B, D, F
A 72-year-old patient is admitted with confusion, dry mucous membranes, hypotension, and poor skin turgor. Laboratory results show elevated hematocrit and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Which of the following interventions is the most appropriate initial response by the nurse?
A. Initiate a fluid restriction order to prevent cerebral edema
B. Administer a loop diuretic to promote renal clearance of excess solutes
C. Start isotonic IV fluid replacement and monitor urine output
D. Position the patient in high Fowler’s position to improve respiratory status
C
A nurse is caring for a 74-year-old patient with COPD who has been on prolonged bed rest following a hip fracture. The patient is now complaining of fatigue and a mild, non-productive cough. Upon assessment, the nurse notes a respiratory rate of 26/min, slight cyanosis of the lips, and decreased breath sounds in the right lower lobe. Which of the following should the nurse do first?
A. Notify the healthcare provider of the findings
B. Encourage the patient to turn, cough, and deep breathe every hour
C. Increase the patient's oxygen via nasal cannula from 2 L/min to 4 L/min
D. Schedule the patient for a chest physiotherapy session
b
A patient is scheduled for a Billroth I procedure due to complications from chronic peptic ulcer disease. As a nursing student, which statement best describes this surgical intervention?
A. The distal portion of the stomach is removed, and the remaining stomach is anastomosed to the jejunum
B. The vagus nerve is cut to reduce acid secretion, and the pylorus is surgically widened to promote gastric emptying
C. The lower part of the stomach is removed, and the remaining portion is connected directly to the duodenum
D. The entire stomach is removed, and the esophagus is connected to the jejunum
C
A nurse is caring for a patient with hypoparathyroidism. Which of the following clinical findings should the nurse expect? (Select all that apply.)
A. Positive Chvostek’s sign
B. Hypertension
C. Tetany
D. Hypercalcemia
E. Muscle cramps
F. Numbness and tingling in the fingers
a, c, e, f
A. Positive Chvostek’s sign – Seen with hypocalcemia, which is common in hypoparathyroidism.
C. Tetany – Involuntary muscle contractions due to low calcium.
E. Muscle cramps – Often due to electrolyte imbalances, particularly low calcium.
F. Numbness and tingling in the fingers – Classic sign of hypocalcemia.
B and D are incorrect because:
B. Hypertension is not a typical symptom; hypotension may be seen due to calcium disturbances.
D. Hypercalcemia is seen in hyperparathyroidism, not hypo.
The nurse is providing education to a patient newly diagnosed with cirrhosis. Which of the following statements should the nurse include in the teaching? (Select all that apply.)
A. “You should avoid alcohol completely.”
B. “You may need to limit protein in your diet if ammonia levels are high.”
C. “It’s important to take acetaminophen for pain instead of NSAIDs.”
D. “Monitor your weight and abdominal girth daily to assess for fluid retention.”
E. “You should avoid raw shellfish to prevent infections.”
F. “Lactulose may be prescribed to help lower your blood sugar levels.”
a. b. d e
A nurse is caring for a client receiving chemotherapy. Which of the following precautions should the nurse take when handling chemotherapy agents or caring for the client during treatment? (Select all that apply.)
A. Wear chemotherapy-rated gloves and a protective gown when handling bodily fluids
B. Dispose of chemotherapy waste in designated biohazard containers
C. Use a central venous access device (CVAD) for vesicant chemotherapy drugs
D. Administer all chemotherapy medications via rapid IV push to minimize exposure
E. Double-check the chemotherapy drug and dose with another licensed nurse
F. Instruct the client to flush the toilet once after urination to avoid contamination
a,b,c,e