Prokes
The bacterial lineage that shares the greatest sequence similarity to chloroplast DNA.
What are cyanobacteria (or blue-green algae)?
These prokes share a more recent common ancestor with eukes than with bacteria.
What are archaea?
In the term dS of the dN/dS ratio, the denominator of dS represents this measure.
What is the number of synonymous sites?
An ERV originates when a retrovirus infects this type of cell.
What is a germ cell?
The species name of the pathogen that caused the Black Death.
What is Yersinia pestis?
The number of base pairs in the human mitochondrial genome.
What is 16,569 bp?
This process is hypothesized to have enabled an ancient progenitor of eukes to engulf bacteria.
What is phagocytosis?
These two values are needed to calculate the LD coefficient, D.
What is observed and expected frequency?
These pieces of genetic code cut and paste themselves in the host genome.
What is a DNA transposon?
This is another name for the disease of the Black Death.
What is Bubonic plague?
This bacterium carries a mix of circular and linear plasmids in addition to a linear chromosome.
What is Borrelia burgdorferi?
This term refers to the overall process by which eukaryotic cells evolved.
What is eukaryogenesis?
This value needs to be greater than 1% for an allele to be considered a SNP.
What is the minor allele frequency?
Possession of this gene distinguishes an ERV from a LINE.
What is envelope?
DNA from individuals who once lived in these two locations were used for the Black Death study.
What are London and Denmark?
The bacterial lineage that shares the greatest sequence similarity to mtDNA.
What are alpha-proteobacteria?
This theory proposes that it was an archaean cell and not an early eukaryotic cell that engulfed the bacteria that become the mitochondria.
What is the mitochondria early theory?
This term represents the frequency of a heterozygous genotype.
What is 2pq?
These two regions of a retrovirus genome flank the coding region and are identical at the time of insertion into the host genome.
What are long terminal repeats (LTRs)?
Ancient DNA samples often have G to A and C to T mutations near the ends of fragments due to this process.
What is cytosine deamination?
Phylogenetic analysis of this mitochondrial gene proved that molecular sequences could be used to infer evolutionary relationships among diverse species.
What is the cytochrome c gene?
This scientist's manuscript detailing evidence for the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of mitochondria was rejected 15 times.
Who is Lynn Margulis?
The size of this parameter largely determines the strength of natural selection on a population.
What is the effective population, Ne?
This word describes any of several ERV env genes that have been exapted (co-opted) for use in placenta formation.
What is a syncytin?
The effect on ERAP2 protein caused by the allele that appeared to confer resistance to the Black Death pathogen.
What is truncation?