Population Genetics
All the alleles that a population of an organism can possess
When one base gets substituted on DNA causing a change in the amino acid is called what?
point mutation
This results in a change in teh number of chromosomes or segments of chromosomes are lost gained or rearranged
Chromosomal mutation
The whole genetic makeup of an organism, the full set of genetic information an organism has
Genome
What is the term for an organism that contains genes from another organism?
Transgenic organism
The process where chromosomes switch information during meiosis
Crossing over
What are two types of frameshift mutation
Insertion and deletion
One or more genes is inserted into a chromosome
What is a carcinogen?
A mutagen or agent that causes mutations in DNA that result in cancer
What is a GMO (genetically modified organism)?
An organism that has undergone genetic engineering
What does genetic equilibrium refer to?
The status of most allele frequencies remaining stable within a large population
Which would have a greater impact on organisms: mutation in the DNA of a somatic cell or a germ cell
A mutation in the DNA of a germ cell
This would go on to affect the next generation, and it can affect every cell of that organism
One or more genes are removed from a chromosome
Deletion
In order to read or sequence DNA, first the DNA must be cut into smaller pieces using _______________.
Restriction enzyme
How is gene therapy delivered to an organism?
The recombinant DNA is placed in a vector (usually bacteria or a virus), and then given to the patient. The vector will then deliver the recombinant DNA to the cells when it "infects" that cell
What is the difference between gene flow and genetic drift?
Gene flow - natural ebb and flow of allele frequencies and genetic material within a population
Genetic drift - a change in allele frequencies due to random events
Which error results in an organism with missing or extra chromosomes?
Nondisjunction during Meiosis
Whole segments of chromosomes are flipped around on the same chromosome
Inversion
The process of determining the order of nucleotides in an organism's DNA
Sequencing
How is recombinant DNA made?
Smaller pieces of DNA are "cut out" and then joined together to form a sequence of customized DNA, often in the form of a plasmid
What is the difference between the founder effect and the bottleneck effect?
Founder - small population migrates to a new place and starts a new population with changed allele frequencies
Bottleneck - when a significant portion of the population is removed from the gene pool by death or other chance event
Why are frameshift mutations so detrimental?
They have the potential to change many codons in the gene sequence, greatly changing the end protein
Piece of chromosome break off and swap with a non-homologous chromosome
Translocation
What is the purpose of PCR (polymerase chain reaction) in genomics?
PCR is the process of making multiple copies of the genetic material being studied. This allows for enough material to study/sequence/manipulate
How does a DNA fingerprint work?
DNA fragments are used to identify individuals, typically using gel electrophoresis. In modern days, gene sequencing may also be used.