Cell Physiology
The cell membrane is made of molecules that are amphipathic. What does amphipathic mean? What are the molecules that make up the majority of the cell membrane?
Amphipathic means that a molecule has a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end.
Phospholipids make up the majority of it!
Give me two conditions that may change the rates of proteolysis?
Fasting, exercise, or feeding among other things!
Describe the two ways we talked about ligand binding leading to a change in the cell
Endosome formation- ligand binds, engulfed by cell membrane, vesicle is taken inside and released ligand to go bind to something or gets degraded
Cyclic AMP- Ligand binds, converts ATP to cAMP, cAMP leads to activation of an inactive protein
break down big stuffs into smallest stuffs because we can only absorb the smallest stuffs.
Chemical and mechanical are the two types
I just drank something that has 10 grams of carbohydrates in it. How many calories from carbs is that?
40
10 grams x 4 calories per gram of carbs.
What kind of reactions take place in the cytosol?
Anaerobic reactions
How does the UPP work?
The UPP will add ubiquitin chains to proteins that need broken down. This will go to the proteasome where the proteins are broken down into small peptides
What does a kinase, phosphatase, and phosphorylase do?
Kinase- adds a P to a molecule using ATP
Phosphatase- removes phosphate using H2O
Phosphorylase- add a phosphate using Pi
Give me the path that food moves through the GI tract and what is happening in each part. Make sure it is IN ORDER
Mouth- mechanical and chemical digestion
Esophagus- food travels from mouth to the stomach
Stomach- Mechanical and chemical digestion with acid and swaying
Small intestine- lots of digestion and the majority of absorption
Large intestine- some water absorption and fermentation of fiber. Feces formation
Out of body
Plants use what 3 things to make glucose?
How many subunits make up a ribosome? What are the names?
Two. Large and small subunit
Cytochrome C in the mitochondria can do 2 things. What were they?
Helps pass electrons to make ATP
When cytochrome C leaks out of mitochondria it can lead to apoptosis
What are a few things that can lead to apoptosis that are nutrition related? Give me THREE
chronic overnutrition, overconsumption of saturated fats, increased ER stress, increased ceramides
Food leaving the mouth is called? Food mixed with acid leaving the stomach is called?
Bolus and chyme
What are the 3 monosaccharides?
Glucose, fructose, and galactose
Which organelle is responsible for making sure proteins are properly folding in the cell? What can happen to the cell if protein folding is messed up?
The ER!
Apoptosis can happen if proteins in the cell lose their folding
What's the key difference between necrosis and apoptosis? How does necrosis work?
Necrosis is uncontrolled.
the cell swells too much and bursts like a balloon. All internal parts are released causing an inflammatory response
What are the basics of apoptosis?
Cell breakdown is controlled. The cell slowly breaks off packaged parts of itself for degradation
What are the exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas?
Exocrine- releases a ton of different enzymes into the SI
Endocrine- controls blood glucose with insulin and glucagon
What are the 3 disaccharides and what makes up each of them?
Sucrose- glucose and fructose
Lactose- Glucose and galactose
Maltose- glucose and glucose
Histones are what? What happens if we acetylate or methylate a histone?
Histones are structures that DNA wrap around. Changing the acetylation or methylation changes transcription
How much energy is lost as heat during metabolism and how much is actually stored into ATP?
60% of energy is lost and we only capture 40%!
We talked about autophagy a lot as well as specific autophagy. Give me the basic process of autophagy and give me 2 examples of specific autophagy
A membrane is formed around a damaged protein or organelle. The vesicle is then transferred to the lysosome and fuses with the lysosome. The lysosome degrades the components
Gastrin
Ghrelin
Secretin
CCK
Where are they produced, where do they go, what do they do?
Gastrin- produced in stomach, released in stomach, increases mucus AND acid release
Ghrelin- made in the stomach, stimulates hunger and eating
Secretin- made by the small intestine, secreted into the blood to the pancreas, tells the pancreas to release bicarbonate into the SI to neutralize HCl
CCK- released by SI, goes to tell the SI to release digestive enzyme to finish up digestion
Give me some benefits of fiber. I want 5
Slow digestion, slow increase of glucose in blood, slow increase of fat in blood, can be fermented, adds bulk to stool, release acids that kill bad bacteria, helps absorb minerals