1
Must be task-specific, repetitive and highly motivating to the child.
What are interventions.
Something that has salience or is meaningful for the infant is referred to as.....
Adaptive value
(spontaneous exploration leads to different strategies to solve movement task, ones that are successful will be repeated, others discarded, the successful ones were salient or had a high adaptive value)
Other interventions besides the P-A approach that engages childrens congnition
Ride on toys (GoBabyGo), dynamic body weight support systems, Sitting together and Reaching To Play (Start-Play)
Functional linking of muscles into groups that work together
synergies
creating a pattern of movement to accomplish a functional task
Adaptive behavior emerges as a recurrent perception and action in the world strengthens neural networks such that patterns are progressively selected from many wider possibilities
Neuronal Group Selection
The nature of development is now considered to be...
Non-linear
This approach emphasizes active problem-solving by the child engaged in spontaneous exploration of environmental affordances, targets task-specific, self-generated postural control during activities that are highly salient to the child and promotes optimal variability of movement and posture.
Perception-Action Approach
Techniques that is refuted in the Rahlin article
Neurodevelopmental Treatment, teaching motor milestones, relying on the developmental sequence, NDT facilitation or inhibition techniques, Adeli Suit or TheraSuit
Three interactions necessary for walking to occur
interaction of the legs
center of gravity
support surface
Vision
In order for learning to occur in infants, there are three things an infant must do in order for learning to occur.
What are spontaneous exploration, active problem-solving and trial and error.
Perception-Action approach intervention components include...
environmental set-up, task-specific, manual guidance, family/caregiver instruction
Claimed deep roots in the science of biology of development
Gesell
According to ecological psychology________ is essential for movement.
Perception
(movement also informs perception)
visual system, movement of the arms, hands and fingers, locomotion to understand the quality of the surface
The number of steps per hour 12-19 month olds average.
2,368 (7.7 football fields)
Perception-action are linked by affordances (properties of an object and how it is used), what plays a major role in their interaction?
What is cognition.
(allows the child to process and interpret the information received from the environment and their own body)
Environmental constraints that may limit a child's ability to act or perform a task.
gravity, type of surface they are on, lighting, sound, texture, landscape of the support surface, body structures and function
Bayley Scales if Infant Development and the Denver Developmental Screening Test are based on.....
Developmental norms
According to Gibson, infants explore by three different phases:
1. vision and hearing
2. reaching grasping and mouthing
3. locomotion
Number of falls per hour 12-19 month olds
17
By moving and exploring, infants learn about their body proportions, alignment and stability, and consequences of their movements. This enables them to problem-solve when they face a new task.
What is embodiment.
to make an idea or concept happen through a physical presentation.
These are the 3 theories that make up the Perception-Action-Cognition Connection.
perception-action, dynamic systems and neuronal group selection
The idea that an infant or toddler "should" have achieved a particular motor milestone.
Developmental norms
Bernstein and the dynamic systems theory
movement is based on the task at hand
behavior has a pattern based on space and time
disruption of an old pattern to create new patterns
Natural locomotion has three things that are necessary to cope with variable terrain.
step length
speed
direction