Pharmacology Basics
Describes how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body.
What is pharmacokinetics?
The best method of choosing an effective drug for a specific disease.
What is utilizing nationally recognized guidelines?
Required for a medication to be dispensed only as a brand name.
What is "dispense as written"?
Main reason the elderly are at risk for adverse drug reactions.
What is decrease in renal function.
A substance that slows down the cytochrome P450 enzymes that can increase serum levels, slow breakdown, and can cause potential toxicity (e.g., azoles, macrolides, grapefruit juice).
What is a CYP inhibitor?
Describes how medication exert their effects on the body (e.g., molecular, cellular, and organ-system levels).
What is pharmacodynamics?
Determines how a drug is absorbed.
What is route of delivery?
Type of drug that cannot be refilled or called in to a pharmacy.
What is a Schedule II drug?
Reason for infants and children could have higher free drug concentrations in their blood.
What is having lower albumin levels?
A rating system in a clinical practice guideline that considers the balance of risks, burdens, and benefits of an intervention.
What is Strength of Recommendations rating?
A ratio that compares the dose of a medication that causes toxic effects to the dose that produces a desired healing effect
What is therapeutic index?
The time it takes a drug to reach a steady state, which is the basis for drug administration.
What is a drug's half-life?
The patient's name.
What must be included on a prescription?
A practical approach when prescribing to pediatric populations.
What is prescribing by weight or body surface area?
A substance that increases the activity and production of cytochrome P450 enzyme that decreases serum levels, and therapeutic effects (e.g., St. John's wort, rifampin).
What is a CYP inducer?
The rate and fraction of a drug that enters the bloodstream or reaches systemic circulation in the body to produce an active effect.
What is bioavailability?
The use of an approved drug to treat a different medical issue when evidence shows it works.
What is off-label prescribing?
Ethical principle of prescribing that does not harm.
What is mom-maleficence?
A tool for providers to use to assess current prescriptions and treatment options for the elderly.
What is the STOPP and START screening tool?
Recommendations based on the effect size of the main outcomes.
What are clinical practice guidelines?
A pharmacological process where the concentration of a medication is greatly reduced before it reaches the rest of the body.
What is first-pass effect?
The ultimate step to translate laboratory-research findings into patient-oriented applications.
What are clinical trials?
Same active ingredient, indications for use, strength, dosage form, and route of administration.
What is generic substitutions?
Taking more medications than medically necessary, or the risks of side effects and drug interactions outweigh the benefits.
What is polypharmacy?
Classification of a patient with a BMI of 24.5.
What is healthy?