Adverse Outcome Pathways & Biomarkers
Term used to describe the first key event in triggering an adverse outcome
Molecular initiating Event
What are the 3 Rs of animal experimentation
Reduce, refine, replace
ADME
Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion
Data which represents the survival of an organism in a toxicity test
Binomial response variable
Highly curated, predictive models which link changes at the molecular level with higher level biological outcomes
Adverse outcome pathway
Large scale & high throughput identification of biomolecules
Omics
After reduction, oxidation, or hydrolysis, this stage involves the addition of a polar conjugate molecule
Phase II metabolism
Used to determine which experimental groups are different after an ANOVA
Post Hoc
Blood cholinesterase levels
Biomarker of exposure to an organophosphate pesticide
A large family of oxidoreductase enzymes relevant to toxicology and pharmacology
Cytochrome P450 Enzymes
This sulfhydryl-containing molecule plays many roles in the cell, such as a conjugate molecule and antioxidant
Glutathione
Failure to reject the null hypothesis when it is true
Type II error
Elevated levels of vitellogenin in male fish, indicate xenoestrogen exposure
Biomarker of Effect
A oxidized form of this metal incorporates itself into life as a phosphate mimic
Arsenic
The study of the accumulation and distribution of a compound in an organism
Toxicokinetics
A symmetrical, bell shaped data distribution
Normal Distribution
Response is specific and sensitive, baseline range is known, connected to an adverse outcome pathway
Ideal biomarker
The EPA’s Tox21 program involves high throughput, in-vitro testing of suspected toxic compounds. Which of the 3 R’s would this be an example of?
Replacement
Produces reactive metabolites as a consequence
Phase I metabolism
A measure of the probability that an observed difference could have occurred just by random chance
P-value