Promise me you won't overreact.
What Vitamin enhances the absorpion of iron, why?
Vitamin C, because ascorbic acid reduces Fe3+ to Fe2+
Explain the process and purpose of Osmosis.
Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration, in order to equalize solute concentrations on both sides of the membrane
What is the main regulator of iron absorption?
How does it regulate iron absorption?
Hepcidin - hepcidin reduces iron absorption when iron levels are high in the blood.
Stops the action of ferroportin/Fe2+ becoming Fe3+ again.
What is the function of iron?
Where is non-heme iron found?
Carries oxygen.
Non-heme found in plants and animals.
This ultra trace mineral is responsible for bone development and mental clarity.
Boron
What are the two primary intracellular ions?
What are the two primary extracellular ions?
Potassium (K+) Phosphate (PO43+)
Sodium (Na+) Chloride (Cl-)
_____natremia and _____volemia, would result in high osmolality.
Hypernatremia and hypovolemia, would result in high osmolality.
This hormone is produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary, it is released in response to increased solutes in the ECF.
Its primary function is vasoconstriction.
Vasopressin (ADH)
A deficiency in this mineral may result in the development of a goiter.
Iodine
These ultra trace minerals can be found in beer.
Boron & Silicon
What is the Maillard reaction and which mineral levels does this reaction reduce in cooking?
The Maillard reaction is a chemical reaction between amino acids and reducing sugars that gives browned food its distinctive flavor, aroma, and color.
Reduces zinc content in food due to the zinc binding to the amino acids
What is membrane potential and how is it maintained?
Membrane potential is the difference in electrical charge (voltage) between the inside and the outside of a cell.
Maintained by uneven distribution of ions (especially K+, Na+ & Cl-)
What blood pressure is low, what systems in the body is responsible for correcting it?
What 3 hormones are involved?
RAAS
Renin, Angiotensin, Aldosterone
What are the primary functions of Selenium and what is one food source where it can it be found?
Antioxidant. Thyroid hormone synthesis.
Brazil nuts & Oysters.
Which mineral is found in tendions and cartilege?
Silicon
Once Fe2+ is in the blood stream, what micronutrient is needed to convert it back to Fe3+?
Copper
What ion follows sodium when moving between a semi-permiable membrane?
Chloride (Cl-)
What type of peptide opposes the action of the RAAS system?
Natriuretic Peptides
In addition to being an Antioxidant (SOD), this trace mineral also activates enzymes. Its commonly found in pineapples.
Manganese.
What trace and ultra trace minerals enhance and/or mimic insulin?
Vanadium, chromium, zinc
Which two trace minerals are involved with thyroid hormone production?
iodine & selenium
Fluid balance is maintained in two ways. The first is pressure based, and the second involves the concentration of ions.
What are these two processes?
Hydrostatic pressure
Osmolality
Which compoinent of the RAAS system enduces vasoconstriction?
Angiotensin II
Which minerals are found in oysters?
Zinc, Iodine, Selenium and Copper
Which mineral promotes anti-inflammitory response?
Boron
ferric & ferrous are forms of iron differentiate between their sources and chemical nomaclature.
Ferric = fe3+ Non-heme
Ferris = Fe2+ Heme
Which ion maintains acid base balance?
Hydrogen
Which hormone promotes the reabsorption of sodium and chloride?
RAAS
Vasopressin
What is the main regulator of iron absorption and what action does it inhibit?
Hepcidin.
Ferroportion action inhibited
Which mineral inhibits glycolysis and gluconeogenisis?
Vanadium
Which trace minerals require an acidic enviornment for digestion?
Iron, coppper & zinc.
Chemical buffers are one way that the body maintains acid base balance, what is one example of a chemical buffer?
HCO3, K/PHO43-
Where is vasopressin produced, and when?
Vasopressin is produced in the Hypothalamus.
Reduced in response to high osmolarity, hypovolemia and low BP.
Zinc fingers are zinc molecules bound to proteins.
They bind to genes to enhance their transcription.
A toxicity of this ultra trace mineral could result in a condition called "green tounge"
Vanadium