Cardiology
Chronotropic (rate)
Inotropic (strength)
Dromotropic (conduction)
(Ch.18, Slide 42)
3 Types of Respiration?
1. External - lungs and blood (pulmonary respiration)
2. Internal - Blood and Tissues (organs)
3. Cellular metabolism(respiration) - Aeorobic and anaerobic
( ch.11, slide 20)
where does blood go after flowing through the right ventricle?
The pulmonary valve (pulmonary arteries)
(Ch.18, slide 15)
What are the treatments for Hypoglycemia?
1.Oral glucose
2. Dextrose
3. glucagon
(ch.21, slide 21)
What is the Adult/ Ped dose for Ketorolac / Toradol?
Adult [IV]: 15mg (1/2 dose for age 65+)
Adult [IM]: 30mg (1/2 dose for age 65+)
Ped [IM/IV]: .5mg/kg
(ch.12, 23, slide 16)
What does the QRS complex of an EKG represent?
Ventricular Polarization.
(ch.18, slide 68)
Hypoventilation results in?
Respiratory acidosis or (etco2 increase)
(ch.11, slide 40)
What causes a “shark fin” capnography waveform in asthma?
Bronchospasm causes trapped co2 to have a delayed release. (ch.17, slide 40)
What are the 3 different types of diabetes and what causes them?
1. type 1 (autoimmune/ little to no insulin production)
2. type 2 (diet and lifestyle causes cells to become insulin resistant)
3. Gestational diabetes (pregnancy)
(ch.21, slide 21)
“Dry” - AMS, agitation, seizures,
↑ HR, ↑ BP, ↑ RR
red skin
Dilated (blurred vision)
(ch.12, 23, slide 47)
What causes Angina Pectoris?
Myocardial ischemia
(ch.18, slide 54)
What does an agonist of a beta-2 receptor cause?
Bronchodilation.
(ch.11, slide 52)
What does norepinephrine do?
Comes from sympathetic nerve endings/ adrenal glands and is an a-1 /b-1 agonist (vasonconstriction, increased rate, contraction, and conductivity)
(ch.18,slide 41)
What is the islet of langerhans?
A group of pancreatic cells that release both isulin and glucagon.
(ch.21, slide 57)
What is the dose of morphine for a 3 year old?
(.1mg/kg)
(.1mg x 15kg = 1.5mg)
(ch. 12, 23, slide 31)
What is Ejection fraction?
Portion of the blood ejected from the ventricle during systole. Normal EF: 55–70%
EF=(End Diastolic Volume/Stroke Volume)×100
(Ch.18, pg.988)
What are the contraindications to CPAP?
1.Cannot protect own airway.
2. Hypotension
3. Facial Trauma
4. Tracheostomy
5. Uncorrectable anxiety
6. Pneumo/Hemothorax
(ch.11, slide 62)
How are prostaglandin formed and what do they do?
Damaged or infected cells create prostaglandins locally. They cause swelling, redness, and sensitize nerves. ( NSAIDS stop production)
(ch.12,23, slide 12)
What is the difference between Addison's disease and Cushing's Disease?
Addison's disease - adrenal insufficiency(too little cortisol/aldosterone) and causes hypotension, hypoglycemia, fatigue, hypothermia, etc.)
Cushing's Disease - Adrenal abundnce ( too much cortisol) causes buffalo hump, round moon face, and weight gain.
(ch.21, slide 53)
What is the D10 Dose in mL for a 7 year old ?
(D10:5mL/kg)
5mL x 25 = (125mL)
(ch.13, slide 93)
WHat are the steps of the Sodium/ Potassium pump.
1. Na+ goes inside cell with atp(depolarization/cells fire)
2. K+ goes outside cell (Cells reset/ repolarization)
3. Na+/K+ pump resets / (restores balance)
(ch.18, slide 35)
Sudden ETCO2 drop:
D- dislodged tube
O - obstructed tube
P - pneumothorax
E - equipment failure
(ch.17, slide 23)
Why can we NOT give lactated ringers to patient experiencing liver failure or kidney failure?
In liver failure, the liver can not convert the lactate into bicarbonate (HCO3) causing LACTIC ACIDOSIS.
In Kidney failure the patient can not excrete Potassium (K+) causing HYPERKALEMIA.
(ch.12,13, slide 138)
What does an ACE inhibitor do?
Prevents angiotensin 1 from becoming angiotensin 2 which in turn causes lower BP, lower water retension, less aldosterone, less vasoconstriction, and less strain on the heart. (lowers blood pressure and lessens volume in the body by lessening ADH release.)
(ch.21, slide 54/ 55)
What are all the contraindications to crystalloid solutions? ( NS, LR, D5W)
1. Pulmonary edema w/o hypotension
2. Lactated Ringer's - renal failure (hyperkalemia)
(ch. 12,23, slide 136)