PULM ANATOMY/PHYSIO
At what spinal level does the trachea bifurcate?
T4-T5
A man comes to ER, ultrasound shows excess abdominal fluid. In which area is the fluid most likely to accumulate while lying down?
Pouch of Morrison (Hepatorenal recess)
HbF is made up of what chains?
2 alpha chains and 2 gamma chains
What structure drains urine into the renal pelvis?
Major Calyx
What is the rate-limiting step of glycolysis?
PFK-1
What part of the lung is the first to participate in the gas exchange?
respiratory bronchiole
Women come in with tumors at the wall of the bladder. What is the sentinel lymph node?
Internal Iliac
(some lymph from the superior aspect of the bladder drains into the external iliac node)
Sickle Cell Anemia is a ___ mutation leading to ___ being replaced by ___ at the sixth position of B-globin chain
Sickle Cell Anemia is a point mutation leading to Glutamic acid being replaced by valine at the sixth position of the B-globin chain
Discuss the difference between nephrogenic and neurogenic DI.
Nephrogenic- ADH resistance; no change when administering ADH
Neurogenic (Central) - ADH deficiency; when you give ADH it gets better
** KNOW THE CHART **
High alcohol and High NADH/NAD+ ratio during glycolysis forms what?
Formation of Lactate
What are restrictive lung diseases?
pulmonary fibrosis
scoliosis
sarcoidosis
CT scan shows a horseshoe kidney what vessel is most likely responsible for the anomaly?
IMA
9 y/o boy shows an area of ecchymosis and reports a history of easy bruising. His brother has similar tendencies. What plasma protein is he deficient in?
Clotting factor
PGEI2, PGE2 and Bradykinin
Early incomplete division of the ureteric bud results in?
Bifid Ureter
*** KNOW THE IMAGE**
What is the difference in FEV1/FVC ratio in restrictive vs obstructive disease?
Obstructive - FEV1/FVC ratio is low
Restrictive- FEV1/FVC is normal or increased
A small calcaneus stone is found in one of the minor calyces. Which part of the kidney projects into the minor calyx?
Papilla of Pyramid
What diagnostic test is used to detect thalassemia? What are the two forms of alpha thalassemia?
ASO Blot
Hydrops Fetalis (HB Bart); Hemoglobin H disease
The nephron segment was studied and no active Na+ reabsorption was detected. The segment was also impermeable to H2O. What segment is this?
Thin Ascending Loop of Henle
Fusion of the lower poles of the kidney before ascent leads to?
(ascent interrupted by IMA)
Calculate TLC
TV= 2; VC= 10; ERV= 8; RV=5
TLC = VC + RV
TLC = 10+5 = 15
What is the embryological basis of the medulla and cortex of the suprarenal gland?
Medulla - neural crest
Cortex- mesenchyme
Women had a miscarriage and the fetus had hydrops fetalis. Her and her husband both had a history of mild anemia, what are their genotypes?
Cis carrier of defective alpha hemoglobin
Describe the flow of blood supply of the nephron
Fluoride used in labs inhibits what part of which pathway? Lack of this enzyme results in accumulation to what substrate?
Enolase inhibits part of glycolysis
Accumulation of 2-phosphoglycerate (less phosphoenolpyruvate)