DEFINITIONS THAT GET FULL POINTS
This term refers to whether people believe the government responds to people like them, not whether they understand politics.
external political efficacy
This model explains political participation as a function of access to socioeconomic resources.
the resource model of political participation
This theory views politics as competition among groups seeking influence over time.
pluralism
This term describes political offices that appear powerful but lack governing capacity.
hollow prize
Most White Americans endorse this abstract belief.
racial equality
This practice weakens minority voting strength without explicitly banning voting.
vote dilution
Name all three resources central to the resource model.
income, education, and time
What does the pluralist model of political incorporation predict?
that marginalized groups move through stages toward political power.
This economic process reduced jobs and tax revenue in many U.S. cities.
deindustrialization
Many Whites oppose policies designed to implement racial equality, creating this gap.
principle–policy gap
This concept describes political spaces created by marginalized groups to develop alternative political discourse outside dominant institutions.
Black counterpublic
This resource increases participation by building civic skills and political knowledge.
education
This stage involves symbolic inclusion without guaranteed policy outcomes.
descriptive or symbolic incorporation
This constraint limited Black mayors’ ability to tax or regulate businesses.
capital flight
What does symbolic racism, or an individualist ideology, stress?
individual responsibility and merit over structural inequality (Black individuals violate work ethic values and/or receive unfair advantages)
This bias leads survey respondents to give answers they think are socially acceptable, especially on race-related questions.
social desirability (or sensitivity) bias
According to the resource model, racial gaps in participation persist because these resources are unequally distributed due to structural inequality.
unequal access to socioeconomic resources
Political incorporation does not automatically lead to ___________ policy benefits for all group members
substantive
Why did hollow prizes especially limit benefits to low-income Black residents?
because mayors lacked resources for redistributive policies and had to prioritize economic stability
Before 1996, some scholars blamed concentrated poverty on welfare policy rather than structural inequality.
underclass argument
This process uses district boundaries to shape racial representation and political power.
racial gerrymandering
Why does increased participation since the Civil Rights Movement not eliminate racial participation gaps?
because formal inclusion does not eliminate structural inequalities in income, education, and time
Why can political incorporation still result in unequal benefits within the Black community?
because structural economic constraints and class differences shape who benefits from political power
Which group benefited most from Black mayoral incorporation—and why?
middle-class African Americans, because policies prioritized growth, stability, and cross-class coalitions
Why does the principle–policy gap persist despite widespread endorsement of racial equality?
because abstract support does not translate into substantive support for redistributive and/or race-conscious policies