DNA Structure
What are the base pairing rules?
A-T, C-G
What is DNA replication?
Copying DNA
What is transcription?
DNA -> RNA
What is a codon?
3 bases that code for amino acid
What is a mutation?
Change in DNA
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
sugar, phosphate, base
When does replication occur?
Before cell division
What does mRNA do?
Carries instructions
What does tRNA do?
Brings amino acids
Name the three types of mutations.
Substitution, insertion, deletion
Why is DNA described as a "double helix"?
Twisted ladder shape
What is a template strand?
Original strand used to build a new strand
How is RNA different from DNA?
Single-stranded, uses uracil
Translate: AUG UUU GGC
Methionine - Phenylalanine - Glycine
Which mutation type affects the most and why?
Insertion/deletion -> frameshift
Why are base pairing rules important for DNA function?
Explain what "semi-conservative" replication means
One old strand and one new strand
Why does DNA stay in the nucleus during transcription?
Protects genetic information
Why is it important that codons are read in groups of three?
Ensures correct amino acid sequence
Why might a substitution NOT change a trait?
May code for same amino acid
If DNA did NOT follow strict base pairing rules, what would happen to replication and traits?
replication errors -> incorrect proteins -> traits affected
Why would a mistake during replication have a bigger impact than a mistake during transcription?
Replication errors are permanent and passed to future cells
Is transcription is incorrect, how might that affect translation and the final trait?
Wrong RNA -> wrong protein -> altered trait
If one base is added to an mRNA strand, how does that affect the protein?
Shifts reading frame -> changes all amino acids
Explain how a mutation could be beneficial in an organism.
Creates advantageous trait (ex: disease resistance)