Exploration & Colonization
Why were European nations eager to find sea routes to Asia in the 15th and 16th centuries?
to bypass the land routes controlled by Italian and Ottoman merchants. which allowed them to trade directly for valuable goods increasing their profits/power
Why did the Americas become the primary destination for enslaved Africans during the Atlantic Slave Trade?
to provide a labor force for the plantation economies (sugar, cotton, tobacco)
How did the Ottoman Empire manage religious diversity within its territories?
millet system- allowed different religious communities (millets) to govern themselves under their own laws/customs must be loyal to the Sultan and Paid Tax
What made the caravel an important innovation for long-distance sea trade?
triangular sail and a shallow draft (highly maneuverable and able to sail against the wind)
What regions did Christopher Columbus explore, and for which country?
Caribbean, Central America, South America. Behalf of Spain
How did English colonization strategies differ from Spanish colonization in the Americas?
EC was mainly focused on establishing permanent settlements and agricultural economies, SC focused on gold/silver and converting other places to Christianity.
What made the West African Empire of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai influential in global history?
due to their control of trans-Sahara trade routes, trade of gold and salt.
What were the goals of the Mughal Empire when it was founded in 1526?
to establish a centralized political authority and expand its territory across the Indian subcontinent
Why is Portugal considered a pioneer in early European exploration?
developed advanced navigation techniques and establish a series of voyages (coast of Africa)
What was Henry Hudson searching for?
explored St Lawrences River and claimed surrounding land to France.
What geographic advantages did the Ottoman Empire have that influenced global trade?
Controlled key land trade routes between Europe and Asia. Advantage-tax goods, motivate European nations to find diff trade routes.
Who played a key role in unifying Japan, and what was the impact of that unification?
Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Tokugawa Leyasu
end of warring led to Tokugawa Shongunate- 25 years peace/stability
How did Renaissance humanism challenge traditional medieval values?
Shifting the forces from a religious afterlife on worldwide to more human centered one.
What were Spain's main objectives in colonizing Americas?
extract wealthy (gold and silver), spread Christianity, increase power
How did Heran Cortes impact Aztec civilization?
conquered Aztec Empire-collapse, Spanish colonization in Mexico
How did mercantilism shape European policies toward their colonies?
led European nations to view their colonies as sources of raw materials and markets for goods. forbidden to trade other nations.
What motivated Portugal to explore the coast of Africa, and what did they achieve?
to find a sea route to Asia, bypass the Ottoman-controlled land routes, and find new sources of gold (Africa)
What issue did Martin Luther address in his Ninety-Five Theses, and why was it significant?
issue of indulgences, which were pardon for sins sold by the Catholic Church. Significant because they are widely considered the start of the Protestant Reformation (a movement that led to a major split in western Christianity)
What was the purpose of Zheng He's voyages during the Ming Dynasty?
display the power and wealth of Ming Dynasty, collect tribute rather than conquering.
Why is Amerigo Vespucci's name associated with the Americas?
He was one of the first to realize that lands explored by Columbus were not part of Asia, but a "New World".
What were some major consequences of the Columbian Exchange for both the Old and New Worlds?
led to the transfer of plants, animals, diseases and technologies between the Old World (Asia, Europe, Africa) and the New World (The Americas).
Old-Food & population growth
New-diseases population decrease
How did European exploration lead to increased interaction between different cultures?
through trade, colonization, and the forced migration of people.
How did the printing press influence the spread of Reformation Ideas?
The printing press allowed Reformation ideas to spread rapidly and widely, contributing significantly to the success of the movement.
What does the phrase God, Gold, and Glory reveal about European motivations for exploration?
combination for religious, economic and power (political)
What did John Cabot accomplish for England?
Who were the first Europeans to travel to America? When was that?
explored coast of North America 1497, claimed land for England.
Vikings led by Leif Erikson in 1000CE