Industrial Revolution Basics
What was the Industrial Revolution?
The change in the production/manufacture of goods from small scale in the home/small workshops to mass production in factories.
What is agriculture?
The growing of plants and raising of animals to provide useful products such as food and fiber.
What is mass production?
Making lots of the same good/item in a factory using powered machinery.
What is urbanisation?
The move of people from living in the country (farms/villages) to living in towns/cities.
Name for textile workers who protested against machines by destroying them
Luddite
In which century did the Industrial Revolution begin?
The 18th century (1700s).
What is subsistence farming?
Producing just enough food to feed a family (with maybe a little extra to trade)
Name two inventions that helped speed up weaving.
Power loom, flying shuttle, water frame, mule, spinning jenny, etc.
What were the slum conditions in many industrial cities due to?
Rapid development with little planning or regulations.
What was a major problem brought by the steam engine?
Air pollution from coal-burning steam engines.
Who built the first steam engine and who improved it?
Newcomen & Watts
Identify three ways farming become more efficient in the 1700s and 1800s?
Through enclosures, new farming methods (crop rotation), selective breeding, and inventions like the seed drill and the Rotherham plough.
Why were the new railways revolutionary?
They could move goods and people faster, cheaper, and more efficiently than road transport. Led to improvement in trade and the economy overall.
What types of work did children do during the Industrial Revolution?
Dirty and dangerous work in mines and factories.
What is a cesspool?
A pool of raw sewage
What was 'steam power' used for?
Power factory machinery, trains, ships
What were enclosures?
Open fields were combined into single farms separated by fences, leading to peasants becoming farm labourers or moving to cities.
What mode of transportation was used before trains?
Horses & Carts on poor roads
What were the three main jobs of the coal mines? Identify and explain.
DAILY DOUBLE
Hurriers - moved coal from the coal face to the shaft.
Trappers - opened and closed wooden trap doors that allowed fresh air to flow through the mine and let coal tubs pass
Hewers - Cut coal from the seam with a pickaxe. Typically, the oldest and strongest members of the family, usually
Name two waterborne diseases that killed many during the Industrial Revolution.
Chloera & Typhoid
Why were many factories located? *Hint think source of power
Coal fields/mines
Who invented selective breeding? What is selective breeding and how did it help?
Robert Bakewell.Breeding better (bigger) animals like sheep and cattle that provided more food (meat).
What was the name of waterways that helped make trade more efficient?
Canals
What led to improvements in working conditions in for children factories and mines?
The Factory Act 1833
What were the two main types of houses in the slums? Identify and describe.
Cellar Dwellings - often located below ground level, these cramped and poorly ventilated spaces were notorious for their dampness and lack of natural light. They were frequently overcrowded, with limited access to sanitation facilities.
Back to back houses - These compact houses were built in rows, sharing walls with neighboring properties. They offered slightly better living conditions than cellar dwellings, but still suffered from overcrowding and inadequate sanitation.