Early Contact & European Powers
This Native American society built Cahokia, a massive urban center with trade networks in the Mississippi River Valley.
Who were the Mound Builders (or Mississippian culture)?
Established in 1607 by the Virginia Company of London, Jamestown was funded by this type of financial entity.
What is a joint-stock company?
Unlike the Puritans who wanted to reform the Church of England, the Pilgrims held this specific religious distinction.
What are Separatists?
Due to its cold climate, short growing seasons, and rocky soil, New England relied primarily on these maritime and timber industries.
What are lumber, fishing, whaling, and shipbuilding?
In New England, local political democracy and community governance developed directly from this church structure.
What is Congregational church governance (or town hall meetings)?
This Spanish system granted landowners rights to native labor in exchange for promises to convert them to Christianity.
What is the Encomienda system?
Taking command of Jamestown in 1608, John Smith enforced this famous operational rule to ensure survival.
What is "He that will not work shall not eat"?
Signed in 1620 by 41 male passengers, this foundational document established Plymouth as a self-governing colony based on a social contract.
What is the Mayflower Compact?
The Middle Colonies earned this regional nickname due to their high production of wheat, barley, oats, rye, and corn.
What is the "Breadbasket of the Colonies"?
In the Southern colonies, the tax-supported Church of England served primarily to reinforce this.....
What is social dynamic?
This was left behind and found near the Roanoke settlement possibly indicating what happened to the Lost Colony.
What is the word Croatoan?
Severe famine, disease, and native siege during the winter of 1609–1610 reduced Jamestown’s population from 500 to roughly 60 during this period.
What is "The Starving Time"?
Which Wampanoag mediator served as an essential translator and advisor between the Pilgrims and local tribes?
Who is Squanto?
William Penn established Pennsylvania as a haven for this religious group, promoting pluralism and peaceful trade.
Who are the Quakers?
Enslaved workers systematically resisted bondage through daily methods, including these non-violent strategies
What are crop/equipment sabotage, faking illness, running away, and preserving cultural/religious practices?
Before being taken over by the English in 1664 and renamed New York, this settlement was purchased by Dutch Governor Peter Minuit.
What is New Amsterdam?
In 1619, "twenty and odd" West Central Africans arrived at Point Comfort aboard an English privateer ship. Why would they not be considered slaves?
What is because they were Christians/had been converted to Christianity?
First governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, John Winthrop famously declared that the Puritan colony should serve as this moral model.
What is a "City upon a Hill"?
The Southern colonial economy relied heavily on plantation-based agriculture focused on these key staple cash crops.
What are tobacco, rice, indigo, and cotton?
This 1739 slave uprising in South Carolina involved enslaved individuals attempting to escape to Spanish Florida before being captured.
What is the Stono Rebellion?
In contrast to Spanish and English colonizers, French fur trappers typically maintained this type of relationship with Native Americans.
What are economic alliances and intermarriage?
The Powhatan Confederacy initially sought to interact with English colonists for this strategic benefit.
What is trading for metal tools, copper, glass beads, and iron weapons?
This Puritan doctrine held that God chose specific individuals for salvation prior to creation, independent of human actions.
What is the Doctrine of the Elect (or Predestination)
Sir Walter Raleigh sponsored two failed expeditions in 1585 and 1587 to establish England’s first base on this North Carolina island.
What is Roanoke Island (or the "Lost Colony")?
This 1676 armed revolt in Virginia, led by frontier farmers and former indentured servants against royal authority, marked a major transition toward racialized slavery.
What is Bacon’s Rebellion?