Gloriana
Elizabeth was twenty-five years old when, untried in the affairs of State, she succeeded her half-sister on _______________ __________,_____________.
November 17, 1558
______________ _____________, who was to be her Archbishop of Canterbury; Nicholas Bacon, whom she appointed ____________ _____________ of the Great Seal; Roger Ascham, the foremost scholar of the day.
Matthew Parker
Lord Keeper
A powerful Puritan party among the Scottish nobility, abetted by the persecuted preachers, were in arms against them, while _____________ ____________ raised his harsh voice against foreign rule and from exile in ____________ poured forth his denunciations of "the monstrous regiment of women".
John Knox
Geneva
Mary in _____________ proved even more dangerous than Mary in __________. She became the focus of plots and conspiracies against Elizabeth's life.
England
Scotland
Around the year 1579 missionaries of a new and formidable type began to slip into the country. These were the _____________, the heralds and missionaries of the Counter-Reformation. Their lives were dedicated to re-establishing the Catholic faith throughout Christendom.
Jesuits
Few sovereigns ever succeeded to a more hazardous inheritance than Elizabeth. England's link with Spain had brought the hostility of ____________ and the loss of ________________. Tudor policy in ____________ had broken down.
France
Calais
Scotland
_____________ ______________, the adaptable civil servant who has already held office as Secretary under Somerset and Northumberland. Of sixteenth-century English statesmen, ______________ was undoubtedly the greatest.
William Cecil
Cecil
Arms and supplies were smuggled across the Border of the Protestant party. Knox was permitted to return to his native land by way of _____________, and his preachings had a powerful effect. A small English army intervened on the Scottish Protestant side, and at this moment __________ of ___________ died.
Leith
Mary of Guise
In the North of England society was much more primitive than in the fertile South. Proud, independent, semi-feudal nobles now felt themselves threatened not only by Elizabeth's authority but by a host of new gentry like the Cecils and the Bacons, enriched by the dissolution of the monasteries and hungry for political power. Moreover, there was a deep religious division between North and South. The South was largely _________; the North remained dominantly_________.
Protestant
Catholic
Foremost among the Jesuits were ___________ ______________ and ____________ ______________. Their movements were carefully watched by Walsingham's spies, and a number of plots against Elizabeth's life were uncovered. The Government was forced to take more drastic measures.
Edmund Campion
Robert Parsons
The old military danger of the Middle Ages, a Franco-Scottish alliance, again threatened. In the eyes of Catholic Europe, ______________, the _____________ of ______________, and wife of the Dauphin of France who became King Francis in ___________ had a better claim to the English throne than Elizabeth, and with the power of France behind her she stood a good chance of gaining it.
Mary
Queen of Scots
1169
Religious peace at home and safety from Scotland were the foremost needs of the realm. England became _____________ by law, Queen Mary's Catholic legislation was repealed, and the sovereign was declared supreme Governor of the ______________ ______________.
Protestant
English Church
By the Treaty of Leith in ____________ the Protestant cause in Scotland was assured for ever. ______________ herself now plunged into religious strife, and was obliged at the same time to concentrate her forces against the ____________ ____________.
1560
France
Habsburg Empire
The idea was now advanced that Mary should marry the _____ __ _______, senior of the pre-Tudor nobility, and his somewhat feeble head was turned at the prospect of gambling for a throne. He repented in time. But in ____________ the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland led a rising in the North. Mary was confined at Tutbury in the care of ____________ _____________, Elizabeth's soldier cousin on the Boleyn side, a trustworthy servant throughout her reign, and one of her few relations.
Duke of Norfolk
1569
Lord Hunsdon
In the early mornings of February 8, ____________, Mary was summoned to the great hall of _______________ Castle. Accompanied by six of her attendants, she awaited the servants of the English Queen. From the neighboring countryside, the gentry gathered to witness the sentence. Mary appeared at the appointed hour soberly clad in black satin. In the quietness of the hall, she walked with stately movements to the cloth-covered scaffold erected by the fireplace. The solemn formalities were smoothly completed.
1587
Fotheringay
_______________ of _____________, the Regent and Queen-Mother of Scotland, pursued a pro-French and pro-Catholic policy, and in _______________ and ______________ the Guises held the keys of power.
Mary of Guise
Edinburgh
Paris
Since the days of Wyclif in the ____________ there had been, running in secret veins under the surface of society in England, a movement of resistance to the Church order. With the _______________ the notion that it might be a duty to disobey the established order on the grounds of private conviction became for the first time since the conversion to Christianity of the Roman Empire the belief of great numbers. But so closely were ___________ and ___________ involved that disobedience to the one was a challenge to the other.
1380s
Reformation
Church and State
If Elizabeth married an Englishman her authority might be weakened, and there would be fighting among the suitors. The perils of such a course were borne in on her as she watched the reactions of her Court to her long and deep affection for the handsome, ambitious _____________ ____________, a younger son of Northumberland, whom she made _____________ __________ _____________. This was no way out.
Robert Dudley
Earl of Leicester
In February ____________ Pope ____________ __________, a former Inquisitor-General, issued a Bull of ex-communication against Elizabeth. From this moment Spain, as head of Catholic Europe, was supplied with a spiritual weapon should the need for attack arise. Elizabeth's position was weakened. She entered into negotiations with _____________ _________ ____________ and a political alliance was concluded at Blois in April _____________.
1570
Pius V
Catherine de Médicis
1572
The expeditions had assumed an official character, and the Royal Navy surviving from the days of Henry VIII was rebuilt and reorganized by _____________ _____________, son of a Plymouth merchant, who had formerly traded with the Portuguese possessions in Brazil. _______________ had learned his seamanship in slave-running on the West African coast. In ____________ he was appointed Treasurer and Controller of the Navy. He had moreover educated an apt pupil, a young adventurer from Devon, ____________ ____________.
John Hawkins
Hawkins
1573
Francis Drake
English credit at ______________, the center of the European money market, was so weak that the Government had to pay _____________ percent for its loans. The coinage, which had been debased yet further under _____________ ______________, was now chaotic.
Antwerp
14
Edward VI
The gentry in Parliament were themselves divided. On two points alone perhaps were they heartily in accord: once they had got their share of abbey lands they did not mean to part with them, and anything was better than having the __________ of the _____________ over again. Otherwise, they fell into two great divisions, those who thought things had gone far enough, and those who wanted to go a step further. It was the future distinction of Cavalier and _____________, Churchman and _____________, Tory and ______________.
War of the Roses
Puritan
Dissenter
Whig
Meanwhile there was ____________ _____________, Queen of Scots. Her young husband, King _________ ___________, had died shortly after his accession, and in December 1560 she returned to her own kingdom. Her mother's uncles, the ____________, soon lost their influence at the French Court, and her mother-in-law, ______________ ____________ _____________ replaced them as Regent for King _____________ ____________. Thus in the last half of the sixteenth century women for a time controlled three countries - ______________, ______________, and ________________.
Mary Stuart
Francis II
Guises
Catherine de Médicis
Charles IX
France
England
Scotland
By a sudden massacre of the _______________ on the eve of the feast of __________ ________________, August 23, ______________, the Guises, pro-Spanish and ultra-Catholic, recaptured the political power they had lost ten years earlier. Feeling ran high in London. The English Ambassador, _____________ ______________, was recalled.
Huguenots
St. Bartholomew
1572
Francis Walsingham
In the early hours of the morning of March 24, ___________, Queen Elizabeth died. Thus ended the ___________ dynasty. For over a hundred years, with a handful of bodyguards, the ___________ had maintained their sovereignty, kept the peace, baffled the diplomacy and onslaughts of Europe, and guided the country through changes which might well have wrecked it. Parliament was becoming a solid affair based on a working harmony between ___________, ______________, and _______________, and the traditions of English monarchical government had been restored and gloriously enhanced. The Crown was now to pass to an alien _____________ line, hostile in political instincts to the class that administered England.
1603
Tudor
Tudors
Sovereign
Lords
Commons
Scottish