Turing
Turing begins his article,“Computing Machinery And Intelligence,” with this provocative question.
What is: "Can Machines Think?"
Searle begins his paper with the following assumption: many who study the mind today proceed from a fundamental mistake. They mistakenly believe that the mind is to the brain as ____________.
What is the program (or the software) is to the hardware?
We come to understand the meaning of words by learning how to use them in particular contexts. Wittgenstein compares our acquisition of language to learning the rules of a game.The technical term for this is...
What is a "language-game"?
In "Making Robots Conscious of Their Mental States," McCarthy discusses the methodology of Logical AI, otherwise known as this.
What is "Good Old Fashioned AI" (GOFAI)?
the introspectable qualities of our sensations also known as this.
What is "qualia"?
The object of this game is to deceive an interrogator into thinking that a machine’s replies to his questions are actually coming from a person.
What is the imitation game?
Searle thinks this position is not only wrong, it can be easily refuted.
What is “Strong Artificial Intelligence”?
According to Wittgenstein, there is no essence of pain (or anything else for that matter). Nonetheless, we still need a way of talking about things—things like “pain”—in a general way. He offers this familial metaphorical characterization.
What is "family-resemblance"?
Although a thermostat may not actually possess introspective knowledge, for us, he thinks it may be this.
What is useful?
The idea that there could be many different things that just one machine did, shifted in the 1950's. Turing described a particular machine, but a machine that could accomplish many things became known as this.
What is a "Universal Turing machine (or UTM)?
Among the Objections Turing considers is this: “The consequences of machines thinking would be too dreadful. Let us hope and believe that they cannot do so.”
What is the "Heads in the Sand" objection?
This thought experiment is meant to show that I can pass the Turing test, but understand nothing.
What is the Chinese Room Argument?
Wittgenstein noticed if language were private and if it were self-taught, this presents another problem.
How would you know your words had a fixed meaning if you were the only one to measure them?
McCarthy's idea that robots will likely have:
* more precise self-knowledge than humans,
* full access to their reasoning processes,
and
* effective management of their thinking,
points to consciousness and this.
What is introspection?
Phenomenological (or experiential) knowledge is set in contradistinction to this.
What is discursive knowledge?
Following Lady Lovelace's objection, Turing says: “[a] better variant of the objection says that a machine can never do this."
What is take us by surprise?
What makes the Chinese Room Argument so powerful is how it nicely mirrors what takes place within a computer. However, instead of Chinese symbols, the computer is shuffling...
What is “0’s” and “1’s”?
In a private-language, you are your own barometer; you are your own yard-stick. You may think you’ve correctly assessed something in the same manner as you previously had, but since you are the only one judging, you could be wrong. What one needs is an external measurement, Wittgenstein calls it this.
What is a "criterion of correctness.?
McCarthy divides introspection into easy and this.
What is a "serious"?
This long-term study on aging and Alzheimer’s disease was started at the University of Minnesota. The goal is to identify the causes and, ultimately, discover preventative measures for Alzheimer’s disease and other neurological disorders. It’s yielded some insights into the workings of the brain.
What is the Nun Study?
Turing says, “The claim that a machine cannot be the subject of its own thought can of course only be answered if it can be shown that the machine has some thought with some subject matter. Nevertheless, ‘the subject matter of a machine’s operations’ does seem to mean something, at least to the people who deal with it.” What it is for a thought to be about something is called this
What is intentionality?
Searle's argument can be represented as follows: (1) Programs are syntactical (formal). (2) Minds have semantic content (meaning). (3) Syntax is not sufficient for, nor identical with, semantics. Therefore...
What is: Therefore, programs are not sufficient for, nor identical with, minds?
The point of this example, is that it is wrong to think that we can somehow know what “pain” is on the basis of personally identifying, or naming an inner object. We all use the term “pain,” and we all seem to know what one another means by it. Whatever is in your box doesn’t really matter (it is canceled out). What matters is that we all agree how we use this term.
What is the beetle in the box example?
“The science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs.”
What is "artificial intelligence"?
In “What Is It Like to be a Bat?” Thomas Nagel says, “fundamentally an organism has conscious mental states if and only if there is something that it is like to be that organism—something it is like for the organism.” This he calls...
What is “the subjective character of experience”?