Vocab
Define quantitative data
Numerical data that can be measured and analyzed with statistics.
In Milgram, how were the participants gathered?
Through a volunteer-sampling method (self-select.)
How many people were in the sample for Group 1?
15.
What was the first primary reinforcer used in Fagen et al?
The whistle.
How far apart were the plush and wheeled toy counterbalanced? (hint: it was in meters.)
They were placed 10 meters apart.
Define validity
How certain the researchers are, whether they are testing what they claim to be testing.
How was empathy measured for every participant in Perry et al?
The Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI.)
What was the experimental design used in Baron-Cohen et al?
Matched pairs design for Groups 1 and 4.
What were one of the results of the Saavedra and Silverman study?
The boy was now able to wear clear, plastic buttons (1) to school on a daily basis (2)
OR
The boy did not meet the DSM criteria for a phobia anymore.
What was a CONTROLLED PROCEDURE in Dement and Kleitman?
All participants were awaken by a loud doorbell.
Define covert observation
Role of the observer is not obvious to the participants (hidden or disguised.)
In Milgram's study, the experimenter had every participant try a test shock. What was the starting voltage of the shock?
45 V.
List one of the independent variables for Pozzulo?
1. Age (children & adult)
OR
2. Type of face (human or cartoon)
OR
3. Type of lineup (target present or target absent)
What was the dependent variable in Bandura et al?
The amount of imitative behaviour and aggression showed by the child.
What was ONE of the 'inclusion criteria' needed for the MRI scan to be conducted in Hölzel et al?
1. Being physically and psychologically healthy.
OR
2. Must not be taking any medication
OR
3. Be able to commit to the MBSR program.
Define counterbalancing
ABBA design; 1/2 participants do condition A, then B, and 1/2 do B, then A.
How many people were in Piliavin's study?
4450 people (55% white, 45% black.)
What is one of the aims of the Andrade study?
To investigate whether doodling aids concentration during a boring task.
What was test 3 in Bandura called?
Test of delayed imitation.
In Hassett et al, there were about 53 rhesus monkeys that were not used. How many of those were adults, how many were infant monkeys? (MUST have an explanation why they were excluded.)
Of the 135 monkeys, 14 adults were not studied as they had received hormone treatments and 39 young infants were excluded as they could not be reliably identified.
Define triangulation
Researcher attempt to avoid bias and increase validity by using different research techniques (observations, interviews, and questionnaires.)
What is one of the assumptions of the social approach?
1. Behaviors, cognitions, and emotions can be influenced by other individuals.
OR
2. Behaviors, cognitions, and emotions can be influenced by groups or social contexts.
What is one of the assumptions of the cognitive approach?
1. Behaviors, cognitions, and emotions can be explain in terms of the role of cognitive processes such as attention, language, thinking, and memory.
OR
2. Similarities and differences between people can be understood in terms of individual patterns of cognitions.
What is one of the assumptions of the learning approach?
1. Conditioning helps to explain changes in behavior.
OR
2. Social learning helps to explain changes in behavior.
What is one of the assumptions of the biological approach?
1. Behaviors, cognitions, and emotions can be explain in terms of the working of the brain and the effect of hormones.
OR
2. Similarities and differences between people can be understood in terms of biological factors and interactions.