Spoken Language
When both participants speak at once
Interruption/Overlap
Intonated phrases used mostly by women for approval (ex: "alright?")
Tag Questions
Percentage that English is used for all information stored in computers
70-80%
Refers only to the pronunciation of speech
Accent
Smallest unit of sound in a language
Phoneme
How most conversations are managed, but sometimes participants may cut in before their turn
Turn-Taking
First to publish on women's language by analyzing women's weaker impressions than men by language, gender, and power
Robin Lakoff
Name all Kachru's Circle Models
Inner Circle
Outer Circle
Expanding Circle
What are these main categories of?
Formal - Informal - Casual - Slang - Frozen
Register
On average, how many words does a 2-year-old use?
Approx. 200
Omission/slurring of syllables
Ellipsis
In what year was the Deficit Model by Robin Lakoff published?
1975
Believes lingua franca occurs because of intelligibility and identity
David Crystal
Explain Code Switching
Occurs where people switch back and forth between two different styles of language
Name all Stages of Acquisition in order
Pre-linguistic - Holophrastic - Two-word - Telegraphic
Define Modality
Conversational strategy which allows the introduction of different options, compromises for negotiation in interpretation and can be used as "helping" verbs
Women do this because they may not feel the authority to give orders
(ex: "it's cold, isn't it?"
Use of Implication
What is Lingua Franca?
Common language to allow communication with different languages
Difference between Linguistic Determinism and Relativism
L. Determinism: language determines the way we think
L. Relativism: language is only a contributory influence on what we think
Cognitive development theorist believes stages of language depends on psychological maturity (ex: times/future occasions)
Jean Piaget
Explain Mode of Address
The way in which texts "speak" to audiences and the language used to fice us a clue as to the genre and purpose. This can be written, spoken, or viewed.
Give at least 7 out of the 14 descriptions of women speech
Hedges - Super Polite - Hypercorrect grammar - Hypercorrect pronunciation - Tag Questions - Empty adjectives approval - Speaking in Italics - Use of Implication - Special Lexicon - Question Intonation in declarative statements - Sense of humor lacking - Speak less frequently - Apologize more - Use direct quotation
Name and explain at least 3 of the 5 levels of language endangerment
Vulnerable: most children speak the language but may be restricted to certain domains
Definitely endangered: children no longer learn the language as a mother-tongue in the home
Severely endangered: language is spoken by older generations (grandparents), while parents may understand it
Critically endangered: older generations only speak the language partially and infrequently
Extinct: language is no longer spoken
An accent in English which does not indicate a person's geographical location but related to a high social status
Received Pronunciation
Explain Pragmatics
the study of language as it is used in social context and reasons for speech that affect the way we speak (conventions/what is appropriate)