Weathering
What are the two types of weathering? Define
chemical- rocks are broken down into different substances
mechanical- rocks broken down into smaller pieces- doesn't change in composition
The ____ the magma, the more explosive the volcano.
thicker
What is the mineral skeleton made up of from smallest to largest?
clay, silt, sand
What are the two main causes for mass movement?
gravity and water
Describe Hydrology (in terms of mining)
As depth increases, the amount of water flowing in the mine increases
How much more space does water occupy when frozen?
10%
What are the three types of seismic waves? Define
P-wave- travel through any material 2x as fast as a S-wave, stretch and compress
S-wave- travel only through solid, moves side to side
Surface wave- travel along surface, most destructive
What is parent material?
the material that the soil is derived from
Where was the major landslide of 2014 located- name city and state
Oso, Washington
Most minerals are made up of what 2 substancs?
oxygen and silicon
What is the difference between weathering and erosion?
weathering- breaking down of rock
erosion- moving sediment to a different area from original origin
Double Jeopardy!!
What are three ways for volcanoes to occur?
converging (only subduction), diverging (rift), and hot spot
What is salinization and what does it cause?
using irrigation water which contains salts- water evaporates leaves minerals/salts behind
reduces soil fertility
What are three internal causes for slope failure?
weak material, decreasing rock cohesion, water, and adverse geological structures
Which type of mining is most commonly used today?
Open pit mining
What three factors determine the rate of weathering?
surface exposure, composition of rock, and climate
Which plate boundaries cause earthquakes?
transform, divergent, and convergent
What is the role of nitrogen fixing bacteria?
convert nitrogen into a usable form for plants to take up (nitrates + nitrites)
Describe the difference between creep and landslide
landslide- the sliding of rock/earth downhill- very fast
creep- extremely slow downhill movement of weathered rock material
What is the difference between a resource and a reserve?
resource - materials that can be exploited, includes all the material that is theoretically available
reserve - portion of the resource that can be exploited now
Name five different types of causes of mechanical weathering.
frost wedging (ice + water), abrasion, plants/animals, upward expansion, and wetting + drying
What two factors determine viscosity of the magma?
amount of silica- the more, the higher the viscosity
temperature- the hotter, the lower the viscosity
Name the five types of organisms found in soil.
fungi, nitrogen fixing bacteria, plants, decomposers, detritivores
Explain rock cohesion and how water reduces it
water- the ability for rocks/soil to be attracted/stick to one another
DOUBLE JEOPARDY
What are the 4 sedimentary processes?
1. Alluvial - flowing water
2. Evaporites - Calcium/salts
3. Biological deposits - dead plants and animals
4. Chemical precipitate - ocean beds