Particle Theory/Bonding
The chemical name and formula of salts found in seawater.
What is sodium chloride (NaCl), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), and calcium carbonate (CaCO3)?
Seawater is a mixture of different elements and compounds. (T or F)
true
The definiton and formula for density.
What is a measure of the mass of a defined volume of water; mass/volume
Oxygen has a low solubility in water (T or F)
true
The definition of solubility.
What is the ability to be dissolved, especially in water.
The states of matter as they relate to the kinetic particle theory.
Solids: particles remain in fixed positions in their crystal lattice structure and only vibrate randomly. The spaces between the particles are very small.
Liquids: there are larger spaces between particles and the particles move freely.
Gases: the particles are very far apart and move very fast and freely. The forces between the particles are very weak. Gasses always fill the containers into which they are placed.
Describe the structure of an atom.
What is a nucleus that contains protons (positive charge) and neutrons (no charge) surrounded by electrons (negative charge) arranged in energy levels or shells.
The ocean layer where salinity rapidly changes, often associated with the ocean layer where temperature rapidly changes.
What is the halocline and thermocline?
The difference between solute and solvent.
What is the substance being dissolved, and the substance doing the dissolving
The definition of salinity and its unit of measurement. (the average)
What is the concentration of dissolved salts in seawater, 35 ppt.
The definition of covalent bonding. Name some covalent molecules.
What is a chemical bond that involves the attraction between atoms (shared electron pairs)? Ex. Water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, sulfur dioxide, glucose
The definition of ionic bonding. Name some ionic substances.
What is a chemical bond that involves the attraction of electron pairs between atoms? Ex. sodium chloride and calcium carbonate
The density of ice is lower than seawater, causing ice to float. It acts as this for marine organisms.
What is a habitat, thermal insulation, protective barrier, etc.
Devices used to measure if a substance is acidic or alkaline.
What is a litmus indicator, pH probe?
Describe the pH scale as a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in water, including the terms acidic, neutral and alkaline.
What is the lower the number, the more acidic it is. The higher the number, the more basic it is. Neutral is about 7.
The way hydrogen bonding affects the properties of water.
- The polarity of water molecules, facilitated by hydrogen bonding (universal solvent).
- Water's ability to absorb a large amount of heat energy without a significant temperature change (specific heat capacity)
- Hydrogen bonds require significant energy to break, which is why water has a relatively high boiling point compared to other molecules of similar size.
The way that hydrogen bonds form in water.
What is water's polar nature? (positive hydrogen atoms attract the negative oxygen atoms)
The way that temperature, pressure, and salinity affects the density of seawater.
What is temperature increase = decrease in density, increase in pressure = density increase, and salinity increase = density increase?
Investigate the effect of salinity on the freezing point of water.
What is adding salt to water lowers its freezing level?
The effect of water temperature on the solubility of salts.
What is an increase in temperature increases the solubility?
Describe the covalent bonding in a water molecule.
What is two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom form a covalent bond. Hydrogen is slightly positively charged and is attracted to oxygen which is slightly negatively charged. The atoms share outer shell electrons to obtain a full outer shell, making the molecule stable.
Describe the ionic bonding in sodium chloride.
What is the electrostatic attraction between positively charged sodium ions (Na+) and negatively charged chloride ions (Cl-). This attraction arises because sodium donates an electron to chlorine, creating a positively charged sodium ion (Na+) and a negatively charged chloride ion (Cl-).
A simplified summary of mixing ocean layers.
What is the ocean surface cools, the density increases, water sinks carrying nutrients and gases; mixing with the higher density water that's rising. Essentially density driven. (answers may vary)
The effect of water temperature, water pressure (depth), atmospheric pressure and salinity on the solubility of gases in water.
- Water pressure (depth) increases= gas solubility increases
- Salinity increase = lower gas solubility
- temperature increase= gas solubility decrease'
-air pressure increase=gas solubility increase
The effect of surface run-off, precipitation and evaporation on the salinity of sea water.
- Evaporation removes freshwater, leaving behind salts= higher salinity
- Precipitation introduces freshwater, decreasing salinity
- Surface run-off brings more minerals into the ocean= increased salinity