Background/Aims
Define a "phobia".
the irrational, persistent fear of an object or event that poses little actual danger
What were the ages of the kids in Bandura et al.?
3-6 years old
What were the 2 interventions in Saavedra and Silverman?
1. Positive Reinforcement Therapy
2. Imagery Exposure Therapy
What is one result from the 6-month and 12-month posttreatment assessment sessions? - Saavedra and Silverman
1. he no longer had specific phobia
2. he could wear clear buttons now (and dress himself every day)
3. his distress about buttons had decreased
Standardization - Bandura et al.
Strength - all procedures were the same for each child
What was Ms. Meyer's favorite study we have covered so far?
Ehhhh... Probably Milgram, Piliavin, or Saavedra and Silverman
(vocab word) the learning of a new behavior that is observed in a role model and imitated later in the absence of that model.
Social Learning Theory
Give two descriptors of the sample used in Fagen et al.
1. 5 elephants
2. from Nepal
3. 1 adult, 4 juveniles
4. All female
5. all without babies
What was the order of the 5 behaviors taught in Fagen et al.
1. Trunk here
2. Trunk up
3. Bucket
4. Blow
5. Steady
How did the boy's severity rating for buttons change during the behavioral exposure sessions? - Saavedra and Silverman
Increased from session 2-3 and 3-4 (or just increased).
Generalizability - Fagen et al.
Weakness - only 5 elephants and only applies to elephants (they are the most intelligent animal besides humans)
Give a real-world application of Bandura et al.
*will accept any answer*
What is one aim of Saavedra and Silverman?
(does not need to be formal)
1. whether exposure to buttons would help to treat his phobia
2. to investigate what causes a button phobia in a boy
3. to investigate the role of classical conditioning in a boy
4. to investigate fear & disgust (evaluate learning) in learning a phobia
What type of study was Fagen et al.?
It was a controlled observation - there was no other design because there were no conditions.
Give two descriptors for the final part of the procedure from Bandura et al.
1. There were a variety of toys in the (experimental) room.
2. The child spent 20 minutes in the (experimental) room.
3. Behaviour was observed through a one-way mirror.
4. Behaviour was rated on predetermined response categories. e.g., imitation of physical aggression, imitative verbal aggression, imitative nonaggressive responses.
5. The session was divided into 5 second intervals.
6. A total of 240 response units were recorded per participant.
7. The male model completed all observations.
8. Half were then rated by a second observer (for inter-rater reliability).
Name one conclusion that has to do with gender in Bandura et al.
1. boys imitated the physical aggression of a male model more than girls did
2. overall, boys imitated more aggression than girls
3. girls played more with dolls, tea sets, and coloring; boys played more with guns or exploratory play
Inter-rater Reliability - Bandura et al.
Strength
What are the FULL names of the 6 studies we have done so far?
1. Milgram
2. Perry et al.
3. Piliavin et al.
4. Bandura et al.
5. Fagen et al.
6. Saavedra and Silverman
Disgust is the emotion most seen is what type of learning?
Evaluative learning
How were the kids paired in Bandura et al. (using the matched pairs design)?
1. Based on aggression
2. Observed by observer and teacher and rated on a 0-4 aggression scale
3. They were sorted into each condition based on similar aggression
What was the difference between the three "stages" of the Bandura et al. study?
1. Either watched an aggressive model, non-aggressive model, or no model. - 10 minutes
2. Mild annoyance - "that toy is not for you"
3. Observed on the 9 behavioral categories every 5 seconds for 20 minutes
What was the conclusion in Fagen et al.?
Internal Validity - Saavedra and Silverman
Strength (case study - triangulation) AND a weakness (subjective and researcher bias)
Give a real-world application of Saavedra and Silverman
*will accept any answer*
(vocab word) Training in which a secondary reinforcer such as a sound marker is used and then followed with administration of a primary positive reinforcer (typically food)
What is Secondary Positive Reinforcement (SPR) Training?
What are the three elements of a case study? AND which of them was Saavedra and Silverman missing?
1. Observation, Self-Report, and Experiment
2. Experiment - there was no manipulation
Name 3 of the 9 behavioral categories the children were observed on. - Bandura et al.
1. Imitative physical aggression
2. imitative verbal aggression
3. Imitative non-aggressive verbal responses
4. Mallet aggression
5. Sits on Bobo doll
6, Aggressive gun play
7. Non-imitative physical and verbal aggression
8. Non-aggressive play
9. Not playing at all
True or False: boys were more aggressive than girls in Bandura et al.
False - this statement implies that boys were naturally more aggressive
Name ALL of the animal ethics (including the small ones under "procedures")
Replacement, Species, #, Procedures (housing, pain & distress, reward & deprivation)
What are the 2 assumptions of the learning approach?
1. each life begins with a blank slate
2. social learning, operant conditioning, and classical conditioning is how humans learn everything