Water
Define Transpiration
loss of water from plants
List the 4 major layers of the Atmosphere in order from closest to Earth's surface to the farthest
Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere
Define Ecosystem
A community of interacting organisms and their physical environment
You are investigating how soil type influences bean stem growth.
What is the independent variable?
types of soil used
Malta has a population of 440,000 and an area of 316 km2. Calculate the population density of Malta.
1392.4 people per km2
Define water security
the ability to access sufficient quantities of clean water to maintain adequate standards of food and manufacturing of goods, adequate sanitation and sustainable health care
What is the role of the ozone layer
Absorb UV radiation
Write out the chemical equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight ----> C6H12O6 + 6O2
You capture 37 rattlesnakes and mark them. You return one week later and capture 52 rattlesnakes. Of the 52, 30 are marked from the first sample. Use the Lincoln index to calculate the estimated population size N= n1 x n2/m2
64
Name 3 impacts of an aging population on countries
lower tax revenues • higher pension spending • pressure on health care • pressure to raise retirement age. Shrinking workforce. More care homes need to be built, poverty amongst older people.
Name 4 causes of water insecurity
climate change, including changes in rainfall • natural disasters, including drought and flooding • pollution events • inadequate sanitation • population growth, changes in land usage including deforestation and urbanization • competing demands from agricultural, industrial, energy and domestic sectors • mismanagement of irrigation, including salinization • international competition over water sources • inequality of availability between water-rich and water-poor regions • differing access to safe drinking water in urban and rural areas
What is 1 impact of photochemical smog?
eye and respiratory irritation • decreased crop yields • deterioration of plastics and rubber
List 3 ways that carbon cycles in and out of the atmosphere
Photosynthesis, Respiration, Decomposition, Fossilization, Combustion
Give an example of random sampling and systematic sampling in picking teams for a class game
Random: picking names out of a hat, computer generated
Systematic: selecting every 3rd student, every other student
What are 3 strategies for managing a changing population?
improved availability of contraception • improved education about contraception • improved education and opportunities for women • improved health care • local, national and global policies: pronatalist and antinatalist polices, United Nations Agenda 21, The Club of Rome.
Name 2 impacts of water insecurity
reduced crop yield and crop failure • livestock death • food shortages, malnutrition and famine • illness caused by contaminated drinking water, limited to diarrhea and cholera
**Double Jeopardy**
Summarize the natural Greenhouse Effect in 3 steps
1. UV radiation (short waves) passes through the atmosphere and is absorbed by the Earth's surface
2. Some energy goes back out to the atmosphere as Infrared radiation (long waves)
3. Greenhouse gases absorb some of this infrared radiation and prevent it from leaving the atmosphere (heating up the Earth)
grass --> grasshopper --> mouse --> snake --> hawk
How much energy will the hawk get if the grass starts with 100%
.01%
List one benefit and one limitation of using the beating tray as a sampling technique
Benefits: easy to use, inexpensive, a representative example can be obtained in a short period of time
Limitations: Flying insects may fly away, plants can be damaged, time of day can influence number and type of species captured
Give 2 reasons for differences between the population structures of HICs and LICs
LIC issues - high infant mortality, medical facilities, living standards, access to clean drinking water, hygiene levels, social conflict, and crime rates
Give 3 strategies for managing water insecurity
sustainable water extraction and improved supply (piped supply, aquifers and artesian wells, boreholes, gravity-fed schemes, reservoirs and dams) • reduction in water usage (improved irrigation techniques, growing crops less dependent on high water supply, recycling and rain water catchment) • education on sustainable water use • poverty reduction • international agreement and water-related aid • rationing
Outline the formation of Acid Deposition in 3 steps
1. Combustion of fossil fuels releases Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen oxide into the atmosphere
2.These gases react with water and oxygen to form sulfuric and nitric acid
3. They fall back down to the Earth as wet or dry deposition
what is the difference between primary and secondary succession
Primary succession occurs in an environment without previous life (bare rock), secondary succession occurs in an area that has been previously inhabited
***Double Jeopardy***
Using quadrat data and the ACFOR scale, plants identified in most of the quadrat would be given which letter from the scale and what does that letter stand for?
A - Abundant
In a population pyramid, what would a narrow base and a broad top represent?
A declining population: Birth rate is falling below the death rate.