Cell Biology Basics
This transcription factor is the master regulator of Treg cell identity.
What is Foxp3?
The ligand on alveolar macrophages that binds to and activates Notch4.
What is Jagged1 (Jag1)?
People without regular healthcare visits may be less likely to receive medications that help control asthma before severe symptoms develop. This type of care is called what?
What is a preventive care?
Longer growing seasons caused by warming temperatures can increase exposure to this common outdoor allergen.
What is pollen?
These innate immune cells produce IL-13 and are activated by GDF15 in this paper.
What are ILC2s (Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells)?
The transcription factor downstream of IL-6 that directly binds the Notch4 promoter, shown by ChIP-seq.
What is STAT3?
Individuals with limited access to pharmacies may struggle to obtain what commonly prescribed asthma treatment?
What are inhalers (or asthma medications)?
Thunderstorm asthma events occur when storms break pollen grains into smaller particles that can be more easily inhaled into what organs?
What are the lungs?
This type of T cell is the opposite of a Treg — it drives inflammation rather than suppressing it.
What is an effector T cell (Teff)?
These two signaling pathways are activated in parallel downstream of Notch4 in Tregs — one mainly drives TH17, the other drives TH2 and GDF15.
What are the Hippo pathway and the Wnt pathway?
Researchers often use income, education level, and occupation as indicators of what broader factor?
What is socioeconomic status?
Heat waves can worsen asthma partly because they contribute to increased levels of this pollutant formed near the ground.
What is ozone?
The cytokine released by alveolar macrophages in response to allergens and UFPs that drives Notch4 upregulation.
What is IL-6?
Deleting this single Wnt pathway component in Tregs fully reproduces the benefit of Notch4 knockout on TH2 responses.
What is beta-catenin (Ctnnb1)?
Communities that face greater environmental risks while having fewer resources often experience what type of inequality in health outcomes?
What are health disparities?
People living in desert climates may experience asthma symptoms related to increased exposure to what airborne material?
What is dust?
These two T helper subtypes are the ones that destabilized Tregs convert into in allergic mice, at a 3:1 ratio.
What are TH2 and TH17 cells? (TH2:TH17 ratio is 3:1)
The most upregulated gene in lung Tregs from allergic mice by RNA-seq (it sits at the top right of the volcano plot in Fig. 3a).
What is GDF15?
The unequal distribution of environmental hazards such as pollution across different communities is commonly studied under what field of public health?
What is environmental justice?
Climate change is expected to affect asthma risk through multiple pathways including increased pollen, wildfire smoke, extreme weather, and worsening what environmental condition?
What is air quality?