Language learning I
Bottom-up processing
What is the process of understanding listening and reading materials in which learners go from individual sounds/letters to words then sentences to get the meaning, usually of specific details?
Top-down processing
What is the process of understanding listening and reading materials in which learners use background knowledge to get the meaning, usually for global understanding of the gist?
Dictogloss
What's the listening activity in which learners (1) listen to a text for comprehension, (2) listen to the text again and take notes, (3) discuss with a peer to reconstruct the text as much as possible, and (4) compare their reconstructed text with the original text to notice gaps between their own language and the target language?
Formative assessment
What is the type of assessment that is spread out during the learning process in order to support learning and inform the teacher and students about students' learning process?
Creative speaking
What's the form of speaking in which learners produce oral language freely based on their own ideas rather than following some language models?
Reproductive speaking
What's the form of speaking in language classes in which learners produce oral language based on a given model (e.g., sentence stems, phrases, dialogs) to practice language?
Intensive listening/reading
What's the type of listening/reading activities in which learners listen/read closely to a short text in order to understand both meaning and language forms by doing exercises to practice comprehension of details and main ideas, making inferences, critical thinking, as well as grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation?
Summative assessment
What's the type of assessment that focuses on what students have achieved in their learning, usually at the end of a course?
Negotiation for meaning
What is the process in interaction in which people try to prevent or resolve problems of understanding such as by using confirmation check, comprehension check, and clarification request, until they can understand each other?
Interactive processing
What is the process in which learners use both bottom-up and top-down processing simultaneously to understand meaning in L2 reading and writing?
Extensive listening/reading
What's the type of listening/reading activities in which learners listen/read widely on topics of their interest, usually at or below their proficiency level, for fun or for pleasure?
Direct testing
What's the form of testing in which students perform the exact skills that are being tested (e.g., they speak in a speaking test)?
Pre-modified input
What's input that is modified in advance to match expected learners' language level?
Interactionally modified input
What's input that is not modified in advance but is modified as needed when the learner negotiates for meaning during interaction?
Process-oriented writing
What's the type of writing activities in which the focus is on both the process and product of writing, with teacher support, feedback, and peer review on multiple drafts leading up to the final written product?
Indirect testing
What's the form of testing in which students don't perform the exact skills being tested, but only perform the target skills indirectly (e.g., correct grammatical errors, which is an indirect part of writing skills)?
Communicative competence
What's the ability to use language for real-life communication, which consists of linguistic competence, discourse competence, sociolinguistic competence, and strategic competence?
Product-oriented writing
What's the type of writing activities in which the focus is on the quality of the final written product with little support on the writing process?