Religious Reformation
Before the spread of Humanism, who did individuals follow for religious guidance?
The Roman Catholic Church
Before the Renaissance, people were loyal to their local feudal lord. After the Renaissance, to whom were they primarily loyal?
A monarch or king or a country
Why did European nations urgently seek new trade routes during the Age of Exploration?
The fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 disrupted the flow of Asian goods to Europe.
What policy involves a nation claiming new lands to extend its territory and enforcing economic and political control over those lands?
Imperialism
Name one crop that originated in the Americas and significantly impacted European diets and agriculture.
Corn or potatoes
What new perspective on religion emerged during the Renaissance, encouraging individuals to interpret scripture for themselves?
Individuals should read, respond, and question the Bible to develop their own understanding
True or False: During the Renaissance, the shift in power from rural areas to cities contributed to the development of nations.
True
What term describes a policy of a nation expanding its territory and influence?
Expansionism
What motivated European nations to transition from expansionism to imperialism?
The realization that they could make huge profits by controlling colonies and exploiting their resources.
Which livestock animals did Europeans introduce to the Americas?
Cattle, horses, pigs, and sheep
Name one practice or behavior of the Church that humanists questioned.
The behavior of popes and clergy, the necessity of following Church laws and rituals without question
After the Renaissance, how did people's sense of identity change?
They became more aware of the world outside their immediate area and developed national identities.
Which Portuguese prince is credited with advancing exploration by establishing a school of navigation and funding expeditions?
Prince Henry the Navigator
What belief system contributed to European nations' justification for exploiting the people and resources of their colonies?
Ethnocentrism, the belief that one's own culture is superior to others15
How did exploration and intercultural contact during the Renaissance affect the citizenship and identity of Europeans?
It exposed them to different cultures and ways of life, challenging their existing worldviews and contributing to the development of new ideas about society and government.
What was the impact of the printing press on the spread of humanist ideas and the Protestant Reformation?
It allowed for the mass production and distribution of religious texts and ideas, challenging the authority of the Catholic Church.
What role did gunpowder play in the rise of nations?
Gunpowder allowed monarchs to raise powerful armies, reducing their reliance on nobles and strengthening their central authority.
Name two advancements in shipbuilding technology that facilitated European exploration.
The carrack and the caravel. These ships combined Arab and European technologies, allowing for longer voyages and better maneuverability.
List some of the negative impacts of the exchange of goods between European nations and their colonies.
The spread of diseases to which indigenous populations had no immunity, the exploitation of native labor, and the depletion of natural resources
Give an example of how public services improved for citizens after the Renaissance.
Government began providing public services like hospitals and schools for all people.
Name ONE of Martin Luther's three main criticisms of the Catholic Church that became central to the Protestant Reformation?
1. The wealth of the Church was unnecessary to get into heaven.4
2. Individuals should seek a personal relationship with God.4
3. Individuals do not need the Church to intercede or ask for forgiveness for their sins.5
Name two distinct features that helped solidify the identity of nations after the Renaissance?
National languages, art, culture, music, dress, customs, governments, and even foods6
Which four European countries dominated exploration during the Age of Exploration?
England, France, Spain, and Portugal
How did the influx of gold and silver from the Americas affect the European economy?
It led to inflation, as the increased money supply devalued existing currency.17
What were some positive consequences of the Protestant Reformation?
Increased literacy and education, a greater emphasis on individual conscience and religious freedom, and the translation of the Bible into vernacular languages.