CNS and PNS
What are the three forms of protection utilized by the CNS?
Bony shell
Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Cerebral arteries provide blood to the ______.
cortex
Broca's area (BA __, __) is responsible for language __________. (Bonus: Which cortex is immediately adjacent to Broca's area?)
44, 45; production
Primary motor cortex!
What is structural neuroimaging? What is functional neuroimaging?
Structural: Neuroimaging that is static in nature, seeking to understand the anatomy/structure of the brain
Functional: Neuroimaging that is interactive in nature, seeking to understand the location or timing of task-dependent neural brain activity
What is the difference between language and communication?
Communication is something that other animals can do - body language, facial expression, generalized sounds
Language is unique to humans! The human brain has different cortical regions devoted to linguistic processing
What are the three portions of the brain stem called?
medulla, pons, and midbrain
What is a hemorrhagic stroke? What is an aneurysm?
Hemorrhagic stroke: brain bleed
Aneurysm: blood pouring into the subarachnoid space, mixing with CSF
Wernicke's area (BA __) is responsible for language __________. (Bonus: Which cortex is immediately adjacent to Broca's area?)
22; comprehension/understanding
Primary auditory cortex!
T/F: Neuroimaging is used diagnostically and during assessment, but not in the context of treatment.
False! It is used in all three stages.
What is the difference between speech and language?
ASHA defines speech as a verbal means of communication (articulation, voice, fluency)
Language = socially-shared rules of expression (semantics, morphology, syntax, grammar, pragmatic considerations)
Name three things for which the cerebellum is responsible.
- balance
- coordination
- distance to target and duration of movement
- muscle tone
What is the name of the structure at the base of the brain where arteries congregate, potentially circumventing blockages?
What is the name of the structure connecting Broca's and Wernicke's areas?
arcuate fasciculus
What are the three types of structural neuroimaging?
CT scan (computerized tomography) - a 3D x-ray image
Cerebral angiography - viewing vascular abnormalities in cerebral blood vessels
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) - measuring the spinning properties of hydrogen molecules in the brain
What is the penumbra and why is it an important area to monitor and treat?
The region surrounding the area of cell death post-stroke or brain injury. Important because we are working to keep that area from spreading further and because it is often treatable and potentially improvable immediately post-stroke.
Name at least three functions of the thalamus and/or hypothalamus.
Word finding/lexical retrieval, monitoring of language (working together with cortex and basal ganglia), maintaining homeostasis, sleep/wake cycle
Of the different types of ischemic stroke, which is caused by a traveling clot?
Embolism
Which structures have implications for reading and writing?
angular and supramarginal gyri
What are the four types of functional neuroimaging?
PET (positron emission tomography) - injection of radioactive tracer
fMRI - (functional magnetic resonance imaging) - measuring changes in magnetic field within the brain
EEG (electroencephalography) - electrodes attached to scalp
MEG (Magnetoencephalography) - measuring magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the brain
Dendrites and cell bodies are what type of matter? Glial cells are what type of matter?
Both are gray matter!
What are the three types of white matter tracts? What are their basic functions?
Projection: Connect primary cortical areas to deeper structures
Association: Most plentiful! They interconnect regions of the cortex within the same hemisphere
Comissural: Interconnect structures of similar location/origin in the left and right hemispheres
Which of the cerebral arteries is the most relevant to our practice and why?
The middle cerebral artery (MCA) because it provides blood to Broca's and Wernicke's areas.
The anterior cerebral artery provides blood to this cortex, which is responsible for executive function/higher-level cognition.
Prefrontal cortex
List one pro and con each for structural and functional neuroimaging.
Structural pros: less expensive, widely available
Structural cons: generally more invasive
Functional pros: Able to view brain function dynamically, measuring changes in real time
Functional cons: More expensive, less widely available
What are the cingulate gyrus, amygdala, hippocampus, and insular cortex responsible for?
emotion, memory, aggression