She's a Para-dime
(Classical Associative Connectionist Paradigm)
(Classical Associative Connectionist Paradigm)
The CACP was formed from the work of Broca, Wernicke, Lichtheim, and was then reformulated by _________.
Geschwind
What is perseveration?
Atypical repetition of words and/or topics after the stimulus for that word/topic has ended
The Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Classification became what new system of classification?
Western Aphasia Battery
In the year ____, ______ _____ proposed that aphasia is a unitary phenomenon.
1906; Pierre Marie
What is a theory?
A statement/idea about the mechanism underlying a particular behavior. They allow for generalization and are testable and falsifiable
Name the three primary structures implicated in the CACP.
Broca's area (aka the inferior frontal gyrus)
Wernicke's area (aka the posterior superior temporal cortex)
Arcuate fasciculus: White matter tract carrying information between the two areas
What is a stereotypie? What is a neologism?
A recurrent utterance; a "new"/nonexistent word/expression
Name at least three elements of speech considered when determining a fluent/nonfluent classification.
- speaking rate
- prosody
- phrase length
- pauses
- articulation
T/F: Aphasia as a unitary phenomenon is not a dominant perspective/paradigm; its focus on impairment in auditory and/or cognitive dysfunction doesn't match up with the core element of aphasia (a language disorder by definition).
True!
What is a model?
An attempt to visualize a theory in a way that allows for that theory to be tested. It puts the theory to work!
Briefly summarize the theory behind the CACP.
Discrete centers of the brain are responsible for particular language functions (reading, writing, speaking, listening, repeating), and interconnected pathways allow for information to flow between the centers.
Name at least three paraphasias (symptoms of aphasia):
- word errors semantically and/or phonemically related to the target/intended word
- neologisms and jargon
- stereotypies
- perseveration
T/F: Fluent/nonfluent classification can be used as a relatively reliable form of classification.
False! It is not reliable. The classifications do not respond to lesion location, auditory comprehension deficit observations have been inconsistent, and fluency does not always differentiate aphasia types. Generally, this is a very simple approach.
According to Schuell and colleagues supporting this theory, what is the underlying impairment?
Auditory processing
Briefly define cognitive neuropsychological models/their purpose.
Studying language disorder can inform our knowledge of normal language processing; within these models, language ability is represented and organized into different modules.
Name one limitation of the CACP.
- It attempts to link broad aphasic symptoms to discrete structures
- Neuropsychological models associated with the CACP don't attempt to attach specific function to specific regions of the brain
Name four signs/symptoms of aphasia that are NOT classified as paraphasia.
- anomia
- telegraphic utterances (short! about 1-3 words)
- agrammatism (reliance on content words. "without grammar")
- alexia
- agraphia
What are the three primary intervention goals we have as clinicians?
- Compensation of lost function
- Restoring function if possible
- Education of the patient and family/caregivers
According to McNeil and colleagues supporting this theory, what is the underlying impairment?
cognitive mechanisms that support language (such as attention and memory)
What is the basic idea/belief of Brown's microgenetic theory?
It proposes a framework of language reflecting the involvement of neural regions in a sequence determined by evolution and development
So basically, the more basic the language function, the more primitive its structure of origin must be
The CACP states that there are discrete centers in the brain made up of the ___________ ______.
association cortex
What are the eight classification categories of aphasia outlined by the WAB (Western Aphasia Battery)?
Broca's aphasia
Wernicke's aphasia
Global aphasia
Transcortical mixed aphasia
Transcortical motor aphasia
Transcortical sensory aphasia
Conduction aphasia
Anomic aphasia
Models can be useful as a visualization tool, but they do not provide information re: how to rehabilitate. Models generally lack information regarding: (name at least two)
- Relearning
- Don't distinguish between assisted and unassisted recovery
- Personal factors of the patient
- Principles of neuroplasticity
What does the theory of aphasia as a unitary phenomenon propose?
It proposes that there is one core impairment that crosses all modalities and components of language. Behavioral observations we see can be accounted for by this single unifying, underlying impairment.
What is regression hypothesis?
People with aphasia regression lose language in the inverse order to which it was learned in development